Microbubble ozonation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene: Degradation kinetics and toxicity reduction

Achar, Jerry Collince; Nam, Gwiwoong; Jung, Jinho; Klammler, Harald; Mohamed, Mohamed M.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109496

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…58 The ozone microbubble technique was demonstrated to oxidize BHT more efficiently than the conventional ozone technique due to improved ozone gas transfer. 59 Several compounds including BHT-quinol and BHT-Q were identified as possible transformation products in the ozone oxidation study. Advanced oxidation of AO2246 in landfill leachate by a composite nano-Fe 3 O 4 material catalyzing micro-ozonation system has also been investigated.…”

Section: Environmental Behavior Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The oxidation of BHT by bromine can generate BHT-CHO, 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methyl-4-methoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienone, and 3,5-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl acetate, with 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-bromo-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone as an intermediate . The ozone microbubble technique was demonstrated to oxidize BHT more efficiently than the conventional ozone technique due to improved ozone gas transfer . Several compounds including BHT-quinol and BHT-Q were identified as possible transformation products in the ozone oxidation study.…”

Section: Environmental Behavior Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Liu

Mabury

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

219

148

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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial products to retard oxidative reactions and lengthen product shelf life. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of SPAs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of these issues and provide recommendations for future research directions. SPAs have been detected in various environmental matrices including indoor dust, outdoor air particulates, sea sediment, and river water. Recent studies have also observed the occurrence of SPAs, such as 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP), in humans (fat tissues, serum, urine, breast milk, and fingernails). In addition to these parent compounds, some transformation products have also been detected both in the environment and in humans. Human exposure pathways include food intake, dust ingestion, and use of personal care products. For breastfeeding infants, breast milk may be an important exposure pathway. Toxicity studies suggest some SPAs may cause hepatic toxicity, have endocrine disrupting effects, or even be carcinogenic. The toxicity effects of some transformation products are likely worse than those of the parent compound. For example, 2,6-di-tertbutyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) can cause DNA damage at low concentrations. Future studies should investigate the contamination and environmental behaviors of novel high molecular weight SPAs, toxicity effects of coexposure to several SPAs, and toxicity effects on infants. Future studies should also develop novel SPAs with low toxicity and low migration ability, decreasing the potential for environmental pollution.

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Section: Environmental Behavior Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Behavior Of Spasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Liu

Mabury

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

219

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Where is the gas utilization efficiency (%), is the inlet ozone concentration (mg L -1 ) and is the ozone off-gas concentration (mg L -1 ). Microbubble - Since the percentage of ozone by weight in the output gas for an air fed ozone generator is typically around 6 % (Achar et al, 2020), optimization of gas transfer is critical to minimizing energy and associated operating costs. The ability to increase gas utilization efficiency is one of the most frequently mentioned favorable properties of microbubbles.…”

Section: Gas Utilization Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbubbles and their application to ozonation in water treatment: A critical review exploring their benefit and future application

John

Brookes

Carra

et al. 2020

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Ozonation is a widely applied water treatment process, used for oxidation of contaminants, as well as for the disinfection of water. However, the conventional ozonation process demands a high energy requirement and deep tanks to ensure effective mass transfer and oxidation.Microbubble technologies have emerged which have the potential to improve gas-liquid contacting. Microbubbles have diameters of 1-100 µm, while conventional bubbles used in ozonation are between 2 -6 mm. Microbubbles have many favorable characteristics that make them suitable for ozonation. In this review, the attributes of microbubbles for ozonation have been compared with those of conventional bubbles. The higher interfacial area and lower rise velocity of microbubbles compared with conventional bubbles means that ozone in the gas phase can be more efficiently transferred into the liquid phase. This is due to a higher contact time and increased contact area of the bubble with the bulk liquid. The analysis reveals that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient can be significantly enhanced through the use of microbubbles. In addition, the steady state dissolved ozone concentration was positively impacted by the use of microbubbles. Microbubbles were shown to be able to oxidize a broader range of organic compounds more quickly than for conventional bubbles. However, the review highlighted that comparison of microbubbles with conventional bubbles is not always carried

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“…Several studies have shown that BHT can induce tumors development in the liver of animals when BHT orally ingested [24]. Additionally, it caused the development of hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice, DNA damage in monkeys and endocrine disruption in Zebra fish [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Induced Hepatotoxic Effect Via Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress in Rats: Tissue Injury-Related CYP1A1 Gene Expression

Hegab

Mohammed

Metwally

et al. 2021

Zagazig Veterinary Journal

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Animal feed may contain different phenolic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), and ethoxyquin (EQ). EQ and BHT at high concentrations can have a pro-oxidant effect and can cause adverse health effects in animals. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatotoxic effect of EQ and / or BHT in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to five groups of 10 rats each as following: the first group served as control and did not receive any treatments; the second group served as vehicle control and was orally given corn oil. The third group was orally administered EQ day after day in a dose of 1/5 of LD50, the fourth group was orally received BHT day after day in a dose of 1/5 LD50. The fifth group was orally administered both EQ and BHT at the same doses and durations described above. The duration of this study was 45 and 90 days. The results revealed that EQ, BHT and their co-exposure caused a significant decrease in levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) in rats. Also a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels was recorded in serum of rats. Co-exposure group had a significant increase in DNA damage variables (% tail DNA, tail length, and Olive Tail Moment (OTM)), strong immuno positive reactivity of caspase3 and up regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in the liver cells of exposed rats. In conclusion, we can state that EQ and BHT are potentially hepatotoxic compounds where the oxidative stress could be accepted as a possible mechanism of their toxicity. Therefore, the utilization of such compounds as feed additives should be more controlled and limited.

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Microbubble ozonation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene: Degradation kinetics and toxicity reduction

Cited by 44 publications

References 70 publications

Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Microbubbles and their application to ozonation in water treatment: A critical review exploring their benefit and future application

Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Induced Hepatotoxic Effect Via Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress in Rats: Tissue Injury-Related CYP1A1 Gene Expression

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