Microconical Structure Formation and Field Emission From Atomically Heterogeneous Surfaces Created by Microwave Plasma–Based Low-Energy Ion Beams

Abstract

We report the formation of self-organized microconical arrays on copper surface when exposed to high flux (5.4 × 1015 cm−2 s−1) of 2 keV argon ion beams at normal incidence. The created microconical arrays are explored for field emission properties. The surface morphologies are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The local work function variation is analyzed by Kelvin probe force microscopy, and the argon content in the irradiated layer is measured with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The average aspect ratio (base width/height) of microstructures for individual irradiated samples is found to increase from 0.7 to 1.5 with a decrease in ion fluence. The ion concentration is highest (3.89 %) for a fluence of 4.7 × 1018 cm−2, which asserts the formation of atomically heterogeneous surface due to subsurface ion implantation. An enhancement in the field emission properties of the argon ion–treated copper substrates at a fluence of 4.7 × 1018 cm−2 with a low turn-on voltage of 2.33 kV and with electron emission current 0.5 nA has been observed. From the Fowler–Nordheim equations, the field enhancement factor is calculated to be 5,561 for pristine copper, which gets enhanced by a factor of 2–8 times for irradiated substrates. A parametric model is considered, by taking into account the modified local work function caused due to structural undulations of the microstructures and presence of implanted argon ions, for explaining the experimental results on the field enhancement factor and emission current.

Formation of submicron cone-shaped surface morphology under ion-beam sputtering of nanostructured nickel

“…It is known that ion−irradiation sputtering of polycrystalline metals can result in formation of a surface relief with grains of different heights; on the grains there may arise etch pits, ripples, cones and other surface structures [1,2]. Of great practical interest are metals with ion−induced cone−shaped surface morphology; such metals may be considered as, e. g., field cathodes [3,4], discharge device electrodes [5], plasma−facing components in thermonuclear facility [6,7], etc. Formation of cones depends on the radiation fluence, as well as on the material, temperature and crystallographic orientation of grains [8][9][10][11].…”