Microcystin-associated disinfection by-products: The real and non-negligible risk to drinking water subject to chlorination

Zong, Wansong; Sun, Feng; Pei, Haiyan; Hu, Wenrong; Pei, Ruoting

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.05.048

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…On the one hand, energy can be supplied by photosynthesis during sewage purification. On the other hand, macrophytes can improve the landscape environment, maintain moisture, reduce contaminant migration, and perform diffusion [10,[24][25][26].…”

Section: Other Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructed Wetlands: A Review on the Role of Radial Oxygen Loss in the Rhizosphere by Macrophytes

Wang

Xie

et al. 2018

Water

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Constructed wetlands (CWs) are extensively used as an economical and environmentally friendly sewage treatment under ecological engineering technology. Knowledge of the oxygen in the rhizosphere is of primary importance in understanding the function and regulation of microbial communities and macrophytes. Numerous studies on radial oxygen loss (ROL) have greatly elucidated the mechanism of contaminant removal in CWs. The main sources of oxygen in CWs are atmospheric reoxygenation, macrophyte transmission, and artificial aeration. However, artificial aeration is very expensive, and atmospheric reoxygenation is limited. Therefore, ROL by macrophytes is an essential and economical approach for oxygen input in CWs. In this review, we attempted to study the role of macrophytes in CWs. We described the mechanism of ROL and summarized the methods for determining ROL. We also investigated the role of ROL in contaminant removal in CWs. This review will provide considerable useful information on the oxygen input of CWs.

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Section: Other Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructed Wetlands: A Review on the Role of Radial Oxygen Loss in the Rhizosphere by Macrophytes

Wang

Xie

et al. 2018

Water

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“…Samples were mixed with isometric acetonitrile (containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) and injected into MS spectrometer at 5 μ L/min. MS parameters were set as follows: positive ion mode, electrospray source voltage 4.0 kV, cone voltage 0.4 kV, desolvation gas N 2 0.6 bar, dry gas N 2 4.2 L/min, dry gas heater 180°C, and scan range 400-1500 [ 12 ]. Data acquisition was controlled with the Compass software and MCLR/MCLR-GSH could be detected according to their m/z signals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inhibition of toxins on PP1 and PP2A was evaluated by a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay [ 12 ]. PP1 and PP2A were diluted to 5 U/mL with freshly prepared buffers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Direct and Indirect Regulation Pathways of Glutathione Target to the Hepatotoxicity of Microcystin-LR

Zong

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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Glutathione (GSH) plays crucial roles in regulating the hepatotoxicity of Microcystin-LR (MCLR) by inhibiting oxidative stress or by toxin conjugation. Based on MCLR conjugation product preparation and purification, the direct and indirect regulation pathways for GSH were fully evaluated. Protein phosphatase inhibition analysis verified that GSH conjugation was an effective pathway to regulate the inhibition effect of MCLR, while GSH had slight influence on the toxicity of MCLR. Research on oxidative stress showed that both regulation pathways could reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species (stimulated by MCLR and regulated by NADH oxidase) and regulate the adverse effects on antioxidant enzymes. By evaluating the contributions for both pathways, it could be found that the indirect pathway had significant contribution to eliminating cellular reactive oxygen species and regulating protein phosphatases inhibition, while the direct regulation pathway had moderate influence. As glutathione transferases facilitated the transformation of MCLR, the hepatotoxicity of MCLR could be effectively regulated by GSH conjugation pathway, especially with abundant exogenous GSH.

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“…According to Srinivasan and Sorial (2011), the capital and operating costs associated with these AOPs can be significantly high, especially at the higher dosages required for MIB/geosmin removal, and they could also result in the formation of disinfection by-products which could be of health or regulatory concerns. Zong et al (2015) established that chlorination was an effective treatment option for removing microcystin but it is important for water suppliers to be aware of the secondary pollution of microcystin-associated disinfection by-products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in the potable water industry due to changes in source water quality: case study of Midvaal Water Company, South Africa

Rensburg¹,

Barnard²,

Krüger³

2016

WSA

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Midvaal Water Company treats hypertrophic water abstracted from the Vaal River to supply bulk wholesome potable water to their consumers in compliance with the South African National Standard (SANS) 241:2015 for drinking water. The facility incorporates conventional and advanced treatment processes. The aims of the study were to identify how the water treatment processes of the plant have changed over time in response to the varying water quality of the Vaal River, and to consider both current and future obstacles as well as possible solutions regarding water quality and treatment. Oxidation steps such as pre-chlorination, potassium permanganate addition, pre-ozonation and intermediate ozonation have either been applied in the past or are still operational. The dissolved air flotation plant accounts for almost 70% of total chlorophyll removal and the significance of this process was confirmed during a brief maintenance shutdown during 2015. Total chlorophyll concentrations of the source water have increased extensively since 1984, while turbidity levels have remained fairly constant but with spikes at times. The facility suffers from severe taste and odour episodes during warm periods due to the presence of methylisoborneol (MIB), released by Cyanophyceae, in the Vaal River. Concentrations of > 300 ng/L MIB have been recorded, whereas the odour threshold concentration for MIB ranges from 4 ng/L to 20 ng/L. The additional application of activated carbon to alleviate taste and odour problems has to be weighed against the cost implications for consumers, the correct type to be purchased for the organic molecules to be adsorbed, the interference of natural organic matter, and the formation of additional sludge mass, as well as the intensity and duration of taste and odour events. Midvaal remains a bulk potable water supplier and therefore has to consider the socio-economic status of their consumers where water pricing is concerned. The study ultimately emphasized the intrinsic value of protecting water resources.

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Microcystin-associated disinfection by-products: The real and non-negligible risk to drinking water subject to chlorination

Cited by 35 publications

References 30 publications

Constructed Wetlands: A Review on the Role of Radial Oxygen Loss in the Rhizosphere by Macrophytes

Constructed Wetlands: A Review on the Role of Radial Oxygen Loss in the Rhizosphere by Macrophytes

Evaluation of the Direct and Indirect Regulation Pathways of Glutathione Target to the Hepatotoxicity of Microcystin-LR

Challenges in the potable water industry due to changes in source water quality: case study of Midvaal Water Company, South Africa

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