Microemulsions: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Properties

Mehta, S.K.; Kaur, Gurpreet

doi:10.5772/12954

Cited by 42 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…78 The R-ratio is not sufficient to distinguish between Type 3 and Type 4 systems; however when magnitudes of interaction energies are high, Type 4 results, whereas Type 3 results in cases when interaction energies are low. Hydophilic-liphophilic deviation (HLD).…”

Section: Theoretical Models Of Emulsion Morphology and Phase Inversionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent Developments in Phase Inversion Emulsification

Kumar

Cheng

et al. 2015

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Emulsions are multiphasic fluid systems in which liquid droplets are dispersed in another immiscible liquid. The main components of an emulsion are the two liquid phases, typically oil and water, and the emulsifier, which stabilizes the interface between the two liquid phases. Emulsifiers can be a variety of molecules, such as polymers, amphiphilic surfactants, and proteins, and they can also be colloidal particles. Emulsion phase inversion is the process of interconversion between two types of simple emulsions: water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Phase inversion can be induced by shifting the emulsifier affinity from one phase to the other, which is called transitional phase inversion. It can also be triggered by a change in the water-to-oil ratio of the emulsion, which leads to a process known as catastrophic phase inversion. With recent advances in the stabilization of emulsions using colloidal particles and stimuli-responsive surfactants, numerous novel emulsion systems that undergo emulsion phase inversion by means of various mechanisms have been developed. In this review, we highlight the most recent developments in the field of emulsion phase inversion, focusing on transitional phase inversion, inversion of particle-stabilized emulsions, and flowand shear-induced phase inversion. We also discuss and compare state-of-the-art analytical methods that have been used to detect and understand the emulsion phase inversion process. Our coverage spans from the early concepts of Bancroft's rule through the concept of semiquantitative hydrophilic−lipophilic balance to the more recent theoretical models used to predict and control phase inversion phenomena. We conclude this review by presenting an outlook on the future directions and outstanding problems that warrant future investigations to fully understand the mechanism of emulsion phase inversion at the single-droplet level.

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Section: Theoretical Models Of Emulsion Morphology and Phase Inversionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent Developments in Phase Inversion Emulsification

Kumar

Cheng

et al. 2015

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…The HLB value at lower than 10 causes the negative curvature of the interfacial¯lm, resulting in water-in-oil microemulsions. 7 They also had similar pH values and spreadability ranking. Moreover, the pH values of all samples were suitable for skin application.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Blank Microemulsions and Microemulsion-bamentioning

confidence: 86%

Formulation and Characterization of Clotrimazole Microemulsions and Microemulsion-Based Gels

2014

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This study aimed to formulate and physically characterized clotrimazole microemulsions and microemulsion based-gels compared with their blank counterparts. Microemulsions were prepared by simple mixing of isopropyl palmitate, 2:1 mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol and 1:1 mixture of polyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan monooleate. To develop microemulsion-based gels, fumed silica was use as a thickening agent at 2.5, 5 or 7.5% w/w. All studied formulations, i.e., 2 microemulsions and 6 microemulsion based-gels were investigated for physical properties such as appearance, conductivity, pH, rheological behavior and spreadability. Afterwards, 2 microemulsions (ME1 and ME2) and 2 microemulsion based-gels (MBG1-3 and MBG2-2) were selected to incorporate with clotrimazole and then investigated for physical properties. All formulations showed good appearance and physical properties. Clotrimazole did not a®ect most characteristics of their blank counterparts, except conductivity. Therefore, the investigated microemulsions and microemulsion based gels could be used as the vehicles of clotrimazole for skin drug delivery.

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“…air adalah merujuk kepada pembentukan mikroemulsi jenis a/m. Ia berpunca daripada pergerakan molekul air yang terhad serta partikel air yang terpisah di dalam fasa selanjar minyak menjadikan interaksi antara molekul air adalah lemah (Metha & Kaur 2011;Suria et al 2009). Peningkatan KE yang berlaku secara mendadak pada 30 hingga 50 % bt.…”

Section: Konduktiviti Dan Kelikatan Sistem Mikroemulsiunclassified