Microencapsulated acids associated with essential oils and acid salts for piglets in the nursery phase

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of commercial blends of organic and inorganic acids combined with essential oils for piglets in the nursery phase. The formulations were administered as microcapsules or as acid salts. Ninety-six, Pen Ar Lan, barrow and female piglets, weaned at a body weight of 600 kg ± 12 kg and age of 23 days were subjected to four treatments. The animals were distributed in randomized blocks of three animals per pen and 8 replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted of four different diets: control (free of organic acids); acid and essential oil blends (fumaric acid 10,5%, malic acid 8.0%, essential oils; in microencapsulated form); microencapsulated acid blend (phosphoric acid 10%, citric acid 10%, malic acid 10%, fumaric acid 20%; in microencapsulated form); and acid salt blend (formic acid 40.5%, phosphoric acid 13.6%, propionic acid 4.9% and salts (23.2% calcium and 4.4% phosphorus available). The performance parameters, digestive transit time, weights of organs of the digestive tract, bacterial count of feces (Lactobacillus, E coli and Salmonella ssp and Clostridium), pH of the stomach and duodenal content did not differ between treatment groups (P> 005). All treatments containing organic acids exhibited positive effects on diarrhea control (P <005). The cecal contents of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were higher in piglets fed diets containing acids than in animals that received the control diet (P <005), and blends containing essential oils improved the jejunum villus height compared with the control group. The use of diets containing acids improved diarrhea control and VFA production in the cecum, and specifically the diets containing microencapsulated acid blends required the lowest doses to be effective. Key words: Diarrhea. Organic acids. Villi. Volatile fatty acids. ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de misturas comerciais de ácidos orgânicos e inorgânicos, associados a óleos essenciais, para leitões em fase de creche. Os produtos testados foram administrados na forma microencapsulada ou como sais de ácidos. Foram utilizados 96 leitões da linhagem Pen Ar Lan, machos castrados e fêmeas, desmamados com 6,00 kg ± 1,2 kg de peso vivo e 23 dias de idade, submetidos a quatro tratamentos. Os animais foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, em baias com três animais, contemplando oito repetições por tratamento. seguintes dietas: controle (livre de ácidos orgânicos); mistura de ácidos e óleos essenciais: (ácido fumárico: 10,5%, ácido málico: 8,0%, óleos essenciais; na forma microencapsulada); mistura de ácidos microencapsulados (ácido fosfórico: 10%, ácido cítrico: 10%, ácido málico: 10%, ácido fumárico: 20%; na forma microencapsulada); mistura de sais de ácidos (ácido fórmico: 40,5%, ácido fosfórico: 13,6%, ácido propiônico: 4,9% e seus sais: 23,2% de cálcio e 4,4% fósforo disponível). Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros de desempenho, tempo de trânsito da dieta, peso dos órgãos do trato digestório, contagem bacteriana na...

Socio-Medical Studies of Individuals Self-Treating with Helminths Suggest That Most Clinical Trials Assessing Helminth Therapy May Be Designed to Fail

“…Cumulative Dose/Year Figure 4: Fluctuations in pH during (A) the natural life cycle of TSO and during (B, C) two methods of preparation. After passing through the pig gut at pH 6.1-6.6, TSO is deposited in soil (39,40). Geohelminths can survive in both slightly acidic and alkaline soils, with studies reporting presence of helminths between pH 5.21 -9.9 (41)(42)(43).…”

“…Geohelminths can survive in both slightly acidic and alkaline soils, with studies reporting presence of helminths between pH 5.21 -9.9 (41)(42)(43). Ingestion in the pig occurs between approximately pH 6.7 (44), and acidity increases as the TSO reaches the pig's anterior stomach at pH 4.4 and then the posterior stomach at pH 2.6 (40,45,46). As the TSO reach the pig's small bowel between pH 6.1 -6.7, the helminth hatches.…”

The other side of organic and phytogenic acids

“…Neste particular, o ácido butírico é a principal fonte de energia para as células epiteliais do intestino grosso, guardando alta eficiência na promoção do desenvolvimento epitelial (Gálfi & Bokori, 1990). Callegari et al (2016) verificaram que o uso de diferentes misturas e doses de ácidos orgânicos microencapsulados foram efetivos no controle da diarreia de leitões desmamados, sendo que as dietas com ácidos (comparadas com dietas isentas destes) promoveram a redução do pH gástrico e o aumento da produção de AGV no ceco, principalmente quando associada aos óleos essenciais.…”

Socio-medical Studies of Individuals Self-treating With Helminths Provide Insight Into Clinical Trial Design for Assessing Helminth Therapy

“…The authors also wish to thank John and Susan Poulton for their encouragement and B, C) two methods of preparation. After passing through the pig gut at pH 6.1-6.6, TSO is deposited in soil [56,57]. Geohelminths can survive in both slightly acidic and alkaline soils, with studies reporting presence of helminths between pH 5.21 -9.9 [58][59][60].…”

“…Geohelminths can survive in both slightly acidic and alkaline soils, with studies reporting presence of helminths between pH 5.21 -9.9 [58][59][60]. Ingestion in the pig occurs between approximately pH 6.7 [61], and acidity increases as the TSO reaches the pig's anterior stomach at pH 4.4 and then the posterior stomach at pH 2.6 [57,62,63]. As the TSO reach the pig's small bowel between pH 6.1 -6.7, the helminth hatches.…”