Microencapsulation of Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf Essential Oil with Spray Drying: Development, Characterization, and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

Abstract

This study aimed to microencapsulate Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CCEO) with spray drying using maltodextrin and gelatin. The effects of the operational conditions (inlet temperature (130–160 °C), CCEO concentration (5–15%), maltodextrin concentration (10–20%)) on the physicochemical stability and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the CCEO microcapsules were determined. The CCEO microencapsulation process had yield and encapsulation efficiency values varying from 31.02 to 77.53% and 15.86–61.95%, respectively. CCEO microcapsules had antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration varying from 10 to 20%, and total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities varying from 1632 to 4171.08 μg TE/g and 28.55–45.12 µg/g, respectively. CCEO microcapsules had average diameters varying from 5.10 to 10.11 µm, with spherical external structures without cracks and apparent pores. The best desirable process conditions for CCEO microencapsulation were process inlet temperature of 148 °C, maltodextrin concentration of 15%, and CCEO concentration of 10%. The results showed that CCEO microcapsules with increased stability and low degradation of active components can be prepared by spray drying using maltodextrin and gelatin with the production of microcapsules, which could be exploited as potential food preservatives.

Investigation of Guar Gum and Xanthan Gum Influence on Essential Thyme Oil Emulsion Properties and Encapsulation Release Using Modeling Tools

“…The microencapsulation efficiency was determined according to [ 22 ]. This measurement indicates the essential oil’s ability to be retained by the encapsulating matrix and was determined based on the oil content and the oil content retained after the drying process.…”

Spray drying encapsulation of essential oils: Insights on various factors affecting the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules

“…110 EO of cymbopogon citratus was encapsulated with different combinations of gelatin and MD at 130, 145 and 160°C, and the microencapsulates showed lower moisture content when spray drying was done at 160°C. 111,112 A kenaf seed oil spray dried with protein base (Sodium caseinate: β-cyclodextrin) at 1:4, with carbohydrate base (gum arabic:β-cyclodextrin) at 1:4 and mixed base (gum arabic:sodium caseinate:β-cyclodextrin) at 1:4, showed higher moisture content in carbohydrate base. The encapsulation efficiency was highest in the carbohydrate mix.…”

“…it was observed that an increase in inlet temperature leads to an increase in moisture and surface oil content with deformed microcapsules of pumpkin seed oil in maltodextrin: whey protein:guar gum (15.40:3.90:0.50) at 130 and 180°C 110 . EO of cymbopogon citratus was encapsulated with different combinations of gelatin and MD at 130, 145 and 160°C, and the microencapsulates showed lower moisture content when spray drying was done at 160°C 111,112 . A kenaf seed oil spray dried with protein base (Sodium caseinate: β‐cyclodextrin) at 1:4, with carbohydrate base (gum arabic:β‐cyclodextrin) at 1:4 and mixed base (gum arabic:sodium caseinate:β‐cyclodextrin) at 1:4, showed higher moisture content in carbohydrate base.…”

Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil: Extraction, GC–MS, Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and In Silico Molecular Docking for Protein Targets Related to CNS

“…Anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and maybe preventative qualities against Alzheimer’s disease are among the plant’s neuroprotective benefits that are linked to volatile components including citral, geraniol, and linalool [ 13 , 14 ]. As evidenced by its topical use in lowering skin erythema and edema [ 15 ] and its inclusion into chitosan bioactive films for skincare applications [ 16 ], lemongrass also has antioxidant [ 9 , 17 , 18 ] and anti-inflammatory effects. The biological activities of C. citratus have been attributed to the secondary metabolites present in both the plant matrix and essential oils.…”