Microencapsulation of Elsholtzia ciliata Herb Ethanolic Extract by Spray-Drying: Impact of Resistant-Maltodextrin Complemented with Sodium Caseinate, Skim Milk, and Beta-Cyclodextrin on the Quality of Spray-Dried Powders

Abstract

Spray-drying is the most popular encapsulation method used for the stabilization and protection of biologically active compounds from various environmental conditions, such as oxidation, moisture, pH, and temperature. Spray-drying increases the bioavailability of the natural active compounds and improves the solubility of low-soluble compounds. The aim of this work was to study the effects of different wall materials and optimize wall material solution’s composition on physicochemical properties of microcapsules loaded with phenolics, extract rich in volatile compounds and essential oil from Elsholtzia ciliata herb. For encapsulation of elsholtzia and dehydroelsholtzia ketones, more suitable wall materials were used—beta-cyclodextrin and sodium caseinate. Four phenolics—sodium caseinate, skim milk, beta-cyclodextrin, and resistant-maltodextrin—were used. A D-optimal mixture composition design was used to evaluate the effect of wall material solution’s composition using sodium caseinate (0.5–1 g), skim milk (6–10 g), resistant-maltodextrin (8–12 g), and beta-cyclodextrin (0.5–1 g) for the encapsulation efficiency, drying yield, and physicochemical properties. The optimal mixture composition was 0.54 g of sodium caseinate, 10 g of skim milk, 8.96 g of resistant-maltodextrin, and 0.5 g of beta-cyclodextrin. These encapsulating agents had a good performance in the microencapsulation of E. ciliata ethanolic extracts by the spray-drying technique. It is proven that the produced microparticles have a good potential to be included in various pharmaceutical forms or food supplements.

Optimization of the drying process of standardized extracts from leaves of Spondias mombin L. using Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology

“…This statistical approach was applied to analyze the relationship between independent variables such as inlet temperature (IT-110°C, 140°C, and 170°C), feed extract flow rate (EF-0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 L/hr), and spray nozzle airflow rate (SA-30, 40, and 50 L/min); under the dependent variables were the following: angle of repose (θ), bulk and tapped density (Hausner ratio and Carr's Compressional Index), TPC (UV-Vis), and content of markers (HPLC). The election of independent variables, as well as their respective levels, was based on previous studies using spray drying, also considering the capacity of the equipment (Araujo et al, 2020;Pudziuvelyte et al, 2019;Souza et al, 2020). The matrix of the Box-Behnken is shown in Table 2.…”

Design and Development of Spray-Dried Microsystems to Improve Technological and Functional Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Hazelnut Shells

“…Due to its functional properties, the production of HSE represents an efficient way to re-use and up-cycle hazelnut shells, turning these by-products, destined for landfill, into a resource of human health-promoting molecules. However, as all dry plant derivatives, HSE appears as crystalline sticky material, not completely soluble in water and aqueous biological fluids [9,10]. These critical features could limit the real use of natural polyphenol derivatives as therapeutic/nutraceutical agent, negatively affecting the absorption process, the bioavailability after the intake, the handling, and the storage during the industrial scale use [11].…”

“…These critical features could limit the real use of natural polyphenol derivatives as therapeutic/nutraceutical agent, negatively affecting the absorption process, the bioavailability after the intake, the handling, and the storage during the industrial scale use [11]. Moreover, the potential phytochemicals degradation process over time may reduce the active ingredient content and, consequently, the functional value of the plant extract [10,12,13]. In the present research, a particle engineering approach, involving the production of microparticles by spray drying technique, is proposed to overcome the stability and bioavailability problems, converting the raw HSE in a powder, suitable for the final administration in various dosage forms (mainly oral or topical ones) as an active ingredient [14,15].…”

“…Despite high functionality and technological versatility, the P high crystalline degree makes it difficult to use for microparticles production countering the amorphization phase during the transformation process [31]. The main protective role of microencapsulation technology is to form a membrane/shell (wall material) around particles or droplets of active ingredients that are being encapsulated (core material) [10]. Thus, in this work to obtain a satisfactory spray-dried product, the use of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) as coating and stabilizing agent during the microencapsulation process by spray drying was necessary.…”

“…A good encapsulating agent (wall material) should have emulsifying and film-forming properties, display low hygroscopicity, have low viscosity at high solid contents, be biodegradable, soluble in aqueous solvents, bland in flavor/tasteless, low-cost, non-toxic, and food-grade [10]. However, no single encapsulant possesses all these properties, and because of that, two or more encapsulants must often be used in combinations.…”