Microencapsulation of Mitragyna leaf extracts to be used as a bioactive compound source to enhance in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbial dynamics

Abstract

Objective: <i>Mitragyna speciosa</i> Korth is traditionally used in Thailand. They have a high level of antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds, the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and decrease methane production. The aim of the study was to investigate the different levels of microencapsulated-<i>Mitragyna</i> leaves extracts (MMLE) supplementation on nutrient degradability, rumen ecology, microbial dynamics, and methane production in an <i>in vitro</i> study.Methods: A completely randomized design was used to assign the experimental treatments, MMLE was supplemented at 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of the total dry matter (DM) substrate.Results: The addition of MMLE significantly increased <i>in vitro</i> dry matter degradability both at 12, 24, and 48 h, while ammonia-nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) concentration was improved with MMLE supplementation. The MMLE had the greatest propionate and total volatile fatty acid production when added with 6% of total DM substrate, while decreased the methane production (12, 24, and 48 h). Furthermore, the microbial population of cellulolytic bacteria and <i>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</i> were increased, whilst <i>Methanobacteriales</i> was decreased with MMLE feeding.Conclusion: The results indicated that MMLE could be a potential alternative plant-based bioactive compound supplement to be used as ruminant feed additives.

In vitro fermentation end-products and rumen microbiome as influenced by microencapsulated phytonutrient pellets (LEDRAGON) supplementation

“…Matra et al 16 suggested that the supplementation of dragon fruit peel at 4% of total substrate could increase the gas production and ruminal fermentation. Similarly, Matra et al 22 revealed that the use of microencapsulated phytonutrients from Mitragyna leaf extracts could enhance gas production and ruminal fermentation.…”

“…Therefore, the elevated insoluble content could be a contributing factor to the higher gas production of (b). In a recent study, Matra et al 22 demonstrated that the supplementation of microencapsulated Mitragyna leaves extract at 4 to 6% DM in the diet led to increased gas (b) in an in vitro study.…”

“…The present study, the observed increase in production of cumulative gas at 96 h after incubation with rising MiEn-LEDRAGON levels (3 or 4%) may be attributed to the phytonutrient content of MiEn-LEDRAGON. This includes total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidative substances, which likely have a beneficial ability to interact with fiber and protein contents, leading to enhanced ruminal fermentation and gas production 6 , 16 , 22 , 56 . Matra et al 16 suggested that the supplementation of dragon fruit peel at 4% of total substrate could increase the gas production and ruminal fermentation.…”

“…DNA purification was performed using the QIAgen DNA Mini Stool Kit columns (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). Specific primers, as described by Matra et al 22 , were applied to quantify the microbial populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes , Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens 37 , Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 38 , Megasphaera elsdenii 39 , and Methanobacteriales 40 . The Chromo 4TM system from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA) was employed for real-time PCR amplification and detection, following the guidelines for DNA analysis 37 .…”

“…Phupaboon et al 20 achieved microencapsulation to encapsulate high-quality bioactive substances extracted from Mitragyna speiosa , Cannabis indica , and Cannabis sativa , which was effective in preserving elevated concentrations of bioactive components. Recently, Matra et al 22 demonstrated that microencapsulated phytonutrients from Mitragyna leaf extracts have the potential to improve ruminal degradability, enhance fermentation end-products, and decrease methane production in an in vitro study. It is a new challenge to apply the microencapsulation process to increase the efficiency of the use of bioactive compounds in the feed industry.…”