Microenvironment Restruction of Emerging 2D Materials and their Roles in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Nano‐Bio‐Platforms

Abstract

Engineering advanced therapeutic and diagnostic nano‐bio‐platforms (NBPFs) have emerged as rapidly‐developed pathways against a wide range of challenges in antitumor, antipathogen, tissue regeneration, bioimaging, and biosensing applications. Emerged 2D materials have attracted extensive scientific interest as fundamental building blocks or nanostructures among material scientists, chemists, biologists, and doctors due to their advantageous physicochemical and biological properties. This timely review provides a comprehensive summary of creating advanced NBPFs via emerging 2D materials (2D‐NBPFs) with unique insights into the corresponding molecularly restructured microenvironments and biofunctionalities. First, it is focused on an up‐to‐date overview of the synthetic strategies for designing 2D‐NBPFs with a cross‐comparison of their advantages and disadvantages. After that, the recent key achievements are summarized in tuning the biofunctionalities of 2D‐NBPFs via molecularly programmed microenvironments, including physiological stability, biocompatibility, bio‐adhesiveness, specific binding to pathogens, broad‐spectrum pathogen inhibitors, stimuli‐responsive systems, and enzyme‐mimetics. Moreover, the representative therapeutic and diagnostic applications of 2D‐NBPFs are also discussed with detailed disclosure of their critical design principles and parameters. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are also discussed. Overall, this review will provide cutting‐edge and multidisciplinary guidance for accelerating future developments and therapeutic/diagnostic applications of 2D‐NBPFs.

Boosting flexible electronics with integration of two‐dimensional materials

“…Consequently, human body temperature holds substantial research importance in the medical field 241,242 . Thermal imaging 177,243,244 relies primarily on infrared cameras for predicting and diagnosing various diseases 245,246 . However, this method requires expensive and cumbersome equipment, 27 and its detection accuracy is relatively limited 247 .…”

Covalent Organic Frameworks: Opportunities for Rational Materials Design in Cancer Therapy

“…Although nanomorphologies such as nanotubes, nanosheets, and nanostars are considered more effective than spheres for tumor penetration, this has not been demonstrated for COFs. [241] Hence, the biological behaviors of COF-based nanoparticles within blood and tumor tissues warrant further exploration.…”

“…Furthermore, while some nanoparticles (e.g., gold nanoparticles) facilitate vascular extravasation and tumor penetration through mechanisms like endothelial leakiness, [238] transcytosis by endothelial cells, [239] and induction of tumor vascular damage, [240] the applicability of these mechanisms to COFs remains unexplored. Although nanomorphologies such as nanotubes, nanosheets, and nanostars are considered more effective than spheres for tumor penetration, this has not been demonstrated for COFs [241] . Hence, the biological behaviors of COF‐based nanoparticles within blood and tumor tissues warrant further exploration.…”

Mechanism and potentialities of photothermal and photodynamic therapy of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) against cancer

“…The advanced characteristics such as large surface area/volume, biocompatibility, stability in physical environments, ease of synthesis, processing, and high photothermal conversion efficiency have made 2D nanomaterials a good candidate for PTT in cancer treatment. It can be achieved or localized by combining PTT or PDT with chemotherapy or immunotherapy for better results and fewer side effects [4,5]. After successful use of graphene in various fields, other 2D materials such as transition metal of nitrides, carbonitrides, carbides, and dichalcogenides drawn researcher attention for exploring these materials as theranostics for cancer [6].…”