Microenvironmental Analysis of Residential Exposure to Chromium‐Laden Wastes in and Around New Jersey Homes

Lioy, Paul J.; Freeman, Natalie; Wainman, Thomas; Stern, Alan H.; Boesch, Robert; Howell, Timothy; Shupack, Saul I.

doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb00676.x

Cited by 65 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The EL hand press sampler and a version of the Lioy, Wainman and Weisel (LWW ) surface wipe sampler, modified to collect total surface pesticide levels, were employed as part of the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES ) ( Lioy et al, 1992( Lioy et al, , 1993Freeman et al, 1996;. The study, conducted during the summer of 1997, was a multi -media, multi -pathway evaluation of children's exposure to multiple organophosphate pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

House dust levels of selected insecticides and a herbicide measured by the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine metabolites

Freeman

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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During the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study ( MNCPES ) , comparisons were made between the insecticide / herbicide loadings obtained with two household dust / insecticide or herbicide samplers: the Edwards and Lioy ( EL ) press sampler ( used for dust collection from carpets or other surfaces ) and the Lioy, Wainman and Weisel ( LWW ) surface wipe sampler. The results were compared with hand rinse levels, and urine metabolite levels obtained from 102 children ( ages 3 ± 13 ) . All measurements were made during a 1 -week sampling period, and information was obtained on household pesticide use and each child's activities. Of the homes, < 5% had recent spot uses of a pesticide but none had recent general applications. The analyses focused primarily on atrazine ( a herbicide ) , and malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos ( insecticides ) . Metabolites were measured for atrazine, malathion and chlorpyrifos. The atrazine levels obtained using the EL indicate that this compound was transported into the home by an unquantified transport mechanism ( e.g. tracking of soil ) . Two malathion hand rinse values exceeded > 170 ng / cm 2 , suggesting that since indoor surface levels were low, these children had other sources of exposure. Atrazine, chlorpyrifos and malathion were detectable in > 30% of the homes by the EL, LWW or hand rinse. Only chlorpyrifos had detectable levels in !50% of the samples for all types, i.e. compound or metabolite, which is consistent with it being a common household pesticide. The median ( and maximum ) chlorpyrifos levels for the EL surface, EL carpet, LWW surface ( two rooms ) , hand rinse, and urine metabolites were: 0.07 ( 32.6 ) ng / cm 2 ; 0.07 ( 44.5 ) ng / cm 2 ; 0.34 ( 3.64 ) ng / cm 2 ; 0.42 ( 14.4 ) ng / cm 2 ; 0.03 ( 2.14 ) ng / hand and 6.9 ( 59.0 ) g / g, respectively. A strong correlation was found for chlorpyrifos between the EL surface and carpet samples. Chlorpyrifos levels detected by LWW had a different distribution and concentration range than the EL, indicating that it collected more than the surface dislodgeable insecticide. EL was directly comparable to the hand rinse or urine levels, but only the LWW had a weak correlation with hand rinse levels, suggesting that the children had other sources of chlorpyrifos exposure. Thus, mechanistic exposure studies are needed to more accurately establish exposure ± dose relationships in residential settings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

House dust levels of selected insecticides and a herbicide measured by the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine metabolites

Freeman

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…4 Comparisons were made with control homes from other communities in New Jersey. Control homes were defined as homes outside of Hudson County that had no known nearby Cr waste sites or Cr industries, and no house renovations within six months of sampling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Remediation of Chromium Waste Sites on Chromium Levels in Urine of Children Living in the Surrounding Neighborhood

Freeman

Wainman

Lioy

et al. 1995

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Exposure to chromium was assessed for 40 children living near chromium waste sites. Sampling was conducted in one Jersey City, New Jersey neighborhood during the summer and fall of 1991. Household dust samples from residences and urine samples from children living near chromium waste sites were collected and analyzed for chromium. During the summer and fall visits when the samples were collected, the children were also interviewed about lifestyle/activity patterns. Comparisons were made with similar samples collected from children and homes in other areas of New Jersey outside of Hudson County with no known chromium waste sites. Household dust masses and chromium loadings and concentrations in the dust showed a significant decline in this Hudson County neighborhood since the area was first sampled in 1990. Interim remediation of neighborhood sites and an active community education program in the interval between the first and second year of sampling may have contributed to the reduction in dust masses and chromium levels in dust. Children's urine chromium concentrations were consistent across the two sampling periods despite reported changes in activity patterns. Chromium concentrations in urine were found to be age-dependent and related to home location. In this sample of Jersey City children less than six years old, time spent playing outdoors was a weak secondary contributor to urine chromium levels. IMPLICATIONSExposure to pollutants such as chromium from hazardous waste sites can be influenced by remediation efforts and by the activities of the individuals who live near the site. Remediation of neighborhood sites removes the source; an active community education program about the need to reduce dust and implement dust reduction activities lowers residential dust masses and chromium levels on surfaces.

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“…Biomarker data have been collected for children to evaluate environmental exposures to lead (56), benzene (57), arsenic (58), chromium (59)(60)(61), and pesticides (62,63). Most recently, the Minnesota NHEXAS children's pesticide exposure study collected urine samples from children on three alternate days and analyzed them for metabolites of chlorpyrifos, malathion, atrazine, and diazinon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children's Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess That Exposure

Hubal¹,

Sheldon²,

Burke³

et al. 2000

Environ Health Perspect

228

156

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Microenvironmental Analysis of Residential Exposure to Chromium‐Laden Wastes in and Around New Jersey Homes

Cited by 65 publications

References 12 publications

House dust levels of selected insecticides and a herbicide measured by the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine metabolites

House dust levels of selected insecticides and a herbicide measured by the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine metabolites

The Effect of Remediation of Chromium Waste Sites on Chromium Levels in Urine of Children Living in the Surrounding Neighborhood

Children's Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children's Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess That Exposure

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