“…Since the introduction of the Facial Action Coding System in 1976, which enabled the identification of microexpressions [21], and the emergence of deep learning in AI, substantial advancements have been made in the field of noncontact polygraphy. Currently, various deep learning frameworks, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are used in image recognition, speech recognition, and bioinformatics.…”