Microflora Associated with Trichomonas vaginalis and Vaccination Against Vaginal Trichomoniasis

Spiegel, Carol A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3224-7_10

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…in relation with the low pH (pH: 4.0). These results were similar to the ones described previously by other authors [22]. These patients showed a vaginal pH < 4.5 and the fishy-odor test was negative in all of them.…”

Section: Perazzi Et Al: Comparison Of Diagnostic Methods For Trichomsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Pregnant Women in Argentina

Perazzi

Menghi

Coppolillo³

et al. 2010

Korean J Parasitol

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Hormone changes produced during pregnancy predispose a higher incidence of infections of the lower genital tract. This leads to maternal and perinatological complications. The diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection during pregnancy is of great importance as such infections are related to premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and low birth weight [1,2].Trichomoniasis is a sexually-transmitted disease associated with urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and tubal infertility [3][4][5], and it is also linked to cervical cancer [6]. Up to 10 to 50% of infected women are asymptomatic and 50% of these women will develop clinical symptoms during the subsequent 6 months [7]. Moreover, reinfection may occur by sexual contact with the man who acts as an asymptomatic carrier [8].The laboratory diagnosis by microscopic examination has low sensitivity (35-80%) mainly in asymptomatic patients due to the low number of organisms in the sample. This is why it is necessary to implement more sensitive methodologies [9]. In the case of direct microscopic examinations, the detection of T. vaginalis depends on the microscopist's expertise and on the swift transport and processing of the sample, in order to avoid the loss of motility of the parasite [4]. Consequently, the liquid culture medium for T. vaginalis is considered the most accurate method (gold-standard) for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis [6,[10][11][12][13].The objectives of this work were to survey the prevalence of infection in asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women and to assess the utility of different microscopic methodologies for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in pregnant women and to compare them with the method using the liquid culture medium.A total of 597 vaginal exudates from pregnant women were Prevalence and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Pregnant Women in ArgentinaKorean J Parasitol. Vol. 48, No. 1: 61-65, March 2010 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010 61 Abstract: The objectives of this study were to conduct a prevalence survey of trichomoniasis in pregnant women and to evaluate the utility of different methods for its diagnosis. A total of 597 vaginal exudates from pregnant women who were examined at the Hospital de Clinicas in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 1 August 2005 to 31 January 2007, were prospectively and consecutively evaluated. The investigation of Trichomonas vaginalis was made by different microscopic examinations, and culture on liquid medium. The sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic examinations were assessed considering culture on liquid medium as the "gold standard". The prevalence of T. vaginalis obtained by culture on liquid medium was 4.0% (24/597). The prevalence of T. vaginalis obtained by direct wet smear, prolonged May-Grunwald Giemsa staining, and sodium acetate-formalin (SAF)/methylene blue staining-fixing technique was 1.8%, 2.3% and 2.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of the direct wet smear was 45.8%, that of the prolonged May-Grunwald Giemsa s...

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Section: Perazzi Et Al: Comparison Of Diagnostic Methods For Trichomsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Pregnant Women in Argentina

Perazzi

Menghi

Coppolillo³

et al. 2010

Korean J Parasitol

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“…Up to 25 to 50% of infected women are asymptomatic and have a normal vaginal pH of 3.8 to 4.2 and a normal vaginal flora (270). Although there is a carrier form, 50% of these women will develop clinical symptoms during the subsequent 6 months.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a lack of antigenic similarity between this vaccine and T. vaginalis was shown (7,108), which makes this cross-reaction hypothesis unlikely. Clinical trials of Solco Trichovac have yielded inconclusive data (270).…”

Section: Vaccination and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Microbiological Aspects ofTrichomonas vaginalis

et al. 1998

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SUMMARY Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoan, is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) of worldwide importance. Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral STD, and it is associated with many perinatal complications, male and female genitourinary tract infections, and an increased incidence of HIV transmission. Diagnosis is difficult, since the symptoms of trichomoniasis mimic those of other STDs and detection methods lack precision. Although current treatment protocols involving nitroimidazoles are curative, metronidazole resistance is on the rise, outlining the need for research into alternative antibiotics. Vaccine development has been limited by a lack of understanding of the role of the host immune response to T. vaginalis infection. The lack of a good animal model has made it difficult to conduct standardized studies in drug and vaccine development and pathogenesis. Current work on pathogenesis has focused on the host-parasite relationship, in particular the initial events required to establish infection. These studies have illustrated that the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis is indeed very complex and involves adhesion, hemolysis, and soluble factors such as cysteine proteinases and cell-detaching factor. T. vaginalis interaction with the members of the resident vaginal flora, an advanced immune evasion strategy, and certain stress responses enable the organism to survive in its changing environment. Clearly, further research and collaboration will help elucidate these pathogenic mechanisms, and with better knowledge will come improved disease control.

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“…Kli niè ku sli ku hro niè ne tri ho mo ni ja ze ka rak teri šu bla gi simp to mi: mo guae je pru ri tus i dis pa reu ni ja, dok je va gi nal ni se kret osku dan i po me šan sa slu zi. Pre ma raz li èi tim is tra ži vawi ma, od 25% do 50% in fi ci ra nih že na su asimp to mat ski no sio ci [29].…”

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The importance of microbiological tests of vaginal secretion during reproductive period

et al. 2004

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Vaginal infections, during reproductive period are frequent and although not life treating, they can affect their normal functions. They can also affect women's fertility as well as the course of pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy can be endangered due to the possibility of infection of newborn while passing trough birth canal of the infected mother. As statistically shown, bacterial vaginosis is considerably more often found with the patients having precancerous changes on cervix, or diagnosed cancer of cervix, comparing with women with healthy cervix. It can also cause the appearance of postoperative pelvic cellulitis after hysterectomy. On the other side, the presence of S. agalactiae in vaginal secretion may cause very serious and lethal infections of the newborn such as meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis. As for protozoa T. vaginalis it has been shown that it could cause reduced fertility ability and that during pregnancy it could damage fetal membranes and bring to its premature rupture and premature birth. There is also increased risk of cervix cancer. During reproductive period of women especially if risk factors are existing such as hormone therapy, diabetes mellitus type 1 and applications of wide range antibiotics, vaginal fungal infections caused by Candida can frequently appear. These infection apart from the discomfort like itch and affluent secretion they can also mean diagnostic and therapeutical problem. Regular microbiological test of women are highly recommended during reproductive period as standard for bacterial vaginosis, fungal and trichomonas infections. If those results appear negative, further microbiological tests are necessary. Such tests which are more elaborate, more timely and more expensive are referring to tests on chlamydia, microplasma and some viruses that can also be the cause of vaginal secretion disbalance in women during reproductive period.

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Microflora Associated with Trichomonas vaginalis and Vaccination Against Vaginal Trichomoniasis

Cited by 7 publications

References 45 publications

Prevalence and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Pregnant Women in Argentina

Prevalence and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Pregnant Women in Argentina

Clinical and Microbiological Aspects ofTrichomonas vaginalis

The importance of microbiological tests of vaginal secretion during reproductive period

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