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Collagen is the most abundant protein found in humans and is fundamental to tissue structure and function. Collagen products used in biomedical research are primarily derived from mammals, and despite being mainly responsible for providing strength to native connective tissue, collagen hydrogels have comparatively low mechanical properties without the use of additional cross‐linking strategies. Alternative sources of collagen, like fish collagen, are emerging as key biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). By addressing cultural/religious concerns, ease of extraction, absence of mammalian‐derived allergens, and retention of functional motifs, fish collagen has many promising characteristics that make it a suitable alternative to mammalian collagen. Several physical and chemical cross‐linking strategies of fish collagen are explored to create more stable and resilient scaffolds for a variety of TERM applications. This comprehensive review explores how these modifications are optimized in fish collagen hydrogel systems. Herein, the use of fish collagen and their reported sources for TERM research, as well as the types of treatments (including sterilization) used to alter collagen structures and functions, are presented to date.
Collagen is the most abundant protein found in humans and is fundamental to tissue structure and function. Collagen products used in biomedical research are primarily derived from mammals, and despite being mainly responsible for providing strength to native connective tissue, collagen hydrogels have comparatively low mechanical properties without the use of additional cross‐linking strategies. Alternative sources of collagen, like fish collagen, are emerging as key biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). By addressing cultural/religious concerns, ease of extraction, absence of mammalian‐derived allergens, and retention of functional motifs, fish collagen has many promising characteristics that make it a suitable alternative to mammalian collagen. Several physical and chemical cross‐linking strategies of fish collagen are explored to create more stable and resilient scaffolds for a variety of TERM applications. This comprehensive review explores how these modifications are optimized in fish collagen hydrogel systems. Herein, the use of fish collagen and their reported sources for TERM research, as well as the types of treatments (including sterilization) used to alter collagen structures and functions, are presented to date.
Fibrous materials are essential structural elements widely distributed throughout natural systems. In order to replicate and harness the unique properties of natural fibers, microfluidic technologies have been employed and refined to allow for a precise control over the mechanical properties, diameter, alignment, and morphology of spun fibers. To further their versatility and adaptability, and to better mimic their natural counterparts, microfluidics technologies have also allowed for the integration of multiple materials and functional components at the microscale giving rise to composite fibers. These fibers, composed of a combination of different materials, offer a wide range of properties and functionalities that surpass those of their individual components and can be tailored to specific applications. This review discusses various microfluidic fabrication methods, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The review also compares natural and synthetic polymers employed in microfluidic fiber manufacture and examines the influence of process parameters on the properties of composite fibers, such as mechanical strength, porosity, and biocompatibility and discusses the incorporation of nanoparticles, biomolecules, and microstructures within the fibers to tailor their functionality for specific biomedical applications. Finally, the paper provides an outline of current trends as well as future directions for the field.
Microneedles are demonstrated as an effective strategy for chronic wound treatment. Great endeavors are devoted to developing microneedles with natural compositions and potent functions to promote therapeutic effects for wound healing. Herein, a novel graphene oxide‐integrated methacrylated fish gelatin (GO‐FGelMA) microneedle patch encapsulated with bacitracin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is developed for chronic wound management. As the natural components and porous structures of FGelMA, the fabricated microneedle patches display satisfactory biocompatibility and drug‐loading ability. Owing to the integration of graphene oxide, the microneedle patches can realize promoted drug release via near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation. Besides, the encapsulated bacitracin and VEGF endow the microneedle patches with the ability to inhibit bacterial growth and promote angiogenesis. It is demonstrated that the GO‐FGelMA microneedle patches with efficient drug release exert a positive influence on the wound healing process through reduced inflammation, enhanced wound closure, and improved tissue regeneration. Thus, it is believed that the proposed drugs‐loaded GO‐FGelMA microneedle patches will hold great potential in future chronic wound treatment.
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