“…Compared to traditional single-phase flow techniques [ 8 , 9 ], droplet-based systems offer several advantages, including rapid mixing, efficient reagent transport without dispersion, and a reduction in cross-contamination between droplets, owing to their discrete flow in an immiscible phase [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. These benefits have catalyzed the development of diverse applications on droplet-based microfluidic devices, such as enzyme kinetic assays [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA amplification [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], and the synthesis of organic molecules or nanoparticles [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. However, droplet-based microfluidics have difficulty, particularly in the manipulation of individual droplets driven by continuous oil flows confined in microfluidic channels.…”