Microglia and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Overview of Current Evidence and Novel Immunomodulatory Treatment Options

Kim, Jung Won; Hong, Ji Yeon; Bae, Seung Min

doi:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.3.246

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Despite the enigma of the exact pathogenesis of ASD, numerous studies have indicated that neuroinflammation might be one of the key factors for its development. The latter is assumed because activated microglia take part in the elimination of redundant synapses, a process known as synaptic pruning [109,110]. Thus, we believe that TSPO as a regulator of neuroinflammation and neuronal development may be involved in ASP.…”

Section: Tspo In Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of TSPO Studies Regarding Neurodegenerative Diseases, Psychiatric Disorders, Alcohol Use Disorders, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Stroke: An Update

Dimitrova-Shumkovska

Krstanoski

Veenman

2020

Cells

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Neuroinflammation and cell death are among the common symptoms of many central nervous system diseases and injuries. Neuroinflammation and programmed cell death of the various cell types in the brain appear to be part of these disorders, and characteristic for each cell type, including neurons and glia cells. Concerning the effects of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) on glial activation, as well as being associated with neuronal cell death, as a response mechanism to oxidative stress, the changes of its expression assayed with the aid of TSPO-specific positron emission tomography (PET) tracers’ uptake could also offer evidence for following the pathogenesis of these disorders. This could potentially increase the number of diagnostic tests to accurately establish the stadium and development of the disease in question. Nonetheless, the differences in results regarding TSPO PET signals of first and second generations of tracers measured in patients with neurological disorders versus healthy controls indicate that we still have to understand more regarding TSPO characteristics. Expanding on investigations regarding the neuroprotective and healing effects of TSPO ligands could also contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of TSPO activity for brain damage due to brain injury and disease. Studies so far have directed attention to the effects on neurons and glia, and processes, such as death, inflammation, and regeneration. It is definitely worthwhile to drive such studies forward. From recent research it also appears that TSPO ligands, such as PK11195, Etifoxine, Emapunil, and 2-Cl-MGV-1, demonstrate the potential of targeting TSPO for treatments of brain diseases and disorders.

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Section: Tspo In Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of TSPO Studies Regarding Neurodegenerative Diseases, Psychiatric Disorders, Alcohol Use Disorders, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Stroke: An Update

Dimitrova-Shumkovska

Krstanoski

Veenman

2020

Cells

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“…Several studies in human and animal models of ASD revealed the presence of an enhanced level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, brain-specific auto-antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, illustrating an elevated immune response substantiating the fact that immune dysregulation acts as a key factor contributing to the pathophysiology of ASD [58,59]. Further autopsy of the brain specimens of ASD patients showed the presence of activated microglial cells, together with an increased level of cytokine, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)-2 [60,61]. Elevated cytokines and chemokines were related to aberrant stereotypical behavior and cognitive impairment.…”

Section: Gut Microbiome-associated Immune Deregulationmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Role of Microbiome, Dietary Supplements, and Probiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Sivamaruthi

Suganthy

Kesika

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the impairment of the cognitive function of a child. Studies suggested that the intestinal microbiota has a critical role in the function and regulation of the central nervous system, neuroimmune system and neuroendocrine system. Any adverse changes in the gut–brain axis may cause serious disease. Food preferences and dietary patterns are considered as key in influencing the factors of ASD development. Several recent reviews narrated the importance of dietary composition on controlling or reducing the ASD symptoms. It has been known that the consumption of probiotics confers several health benefits by positive amendment of gut microbiota. The influence of probiotic intervention in children with ASD has also been reported and it has been considered as an alternative and complementary therapeutic supplement for ASD. The present manuscript discusses the role of microbiota and diet in the development of ASD. It also summarizes the recent updates on the influence of dietary supplements and the beneficial effect of probiotics on ASD symptoms. An in-depth literature survey suggested that the maternal diet and lifestyle are greatly associated with the development of ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Mounting evidences have confirmed the alteration in the gut microbial composition in children suffering from ASD. However, the unique profile of microbiome has not yet been fully characterized due to the heterogeneity of patients. The supplementation of probiotics amended the symptoms associated with ASD but the results are inconclusive. The current study recommends further detailed research considering the role of microbiome, diet and probiotics in the development and control of ASD.

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“…These glia are found at all stages of brain development. 19 About 50% of all neurons in the developing brain undergo programmed cell death. Corpses are phagocytized by microglia throughout life.…”

Section: Astrocytes and Microglia (Cns)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The putative etiology and prevention of autism

Steinman

2020

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

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Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Microglia and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Overview of Current Evidence and Novel Immunomodulatory Treatment Options

Cited by 25 publications

References 66 publications

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of TSPO Studies Regarding Neurodegenerative Diseases, Psychiatric Disorders, Alcohol Use Disorders, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Stroke: An Update

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of TSPO Studies Regarding Neurodegenerative Diseases, Psychiatric Disorders, Alcohol Use Disorders, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Stroke: An Update

The Role of Microbiome, Dietary Supplements, and Probiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The putative etiology and prevention of autism

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