2018
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00698
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Microglia and Beyond: Innate Immune Cells As Regulators of Brain Development and Behavioral Function

Abstract: Innate immune cells play a well-documented role in the etiology and disease course of many brain-based conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, and brain cancers. In contrast, it is only recently becoming clear that innate immune cells, primarily brain resident macrophages called microglia, are also key regulators of brain development. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding microglia in brain development, with particular emp… Show more

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Cited by 415 publications
(317 citation statements)
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References 153 publications
(231 reference statements)
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“…Our data suggest that ECs undergo changes during cortical development in male, but not female, fetuses, thus providing another basis for the published data regarding sex‐specific vulnerabilities to in utero exposure to different conditions (Makinson et al. ; Lenz and Nelson ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 75%
“…Our data suggest that ECs undergo changes during cortical development in male, but not female, fetuses, thus providing another basis for the published data regarding sex‐specific vulnerabilities to in utero exposure to different conditions (Makinson et al. ; Lenz and Nelson ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 75%
“…After the prenatal period, microglia continue to develop through the early postnatal period. Rodent studies have determined that microglia proliferate locally until the second postnatal week, and then, numbers start decreasing to adult levels . Another very important role for microglia during postnatal development is their involvement in synapse formation throughout the brain.…”
Section: Microglial Sex Differences In Developing Brainmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rodent studies have determined that microglia proliferate locally until the second postnatal week, and then, numbers start decreasing to adult levels. 14,15 Another very important role for microglia during postnatal development is their involvement in synapse formation throughout the brain. More recently, microglia have been indicated in synapse remodeling in the cortex and hippocampus 16 as well as the retinogeniculate circuit and thalamus.…”
Section: Crog Lial S E X D Ifferen Ce S In De Veloping B R Ainmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Developing microglia are phenotypically distinct, proliferating during the second week of postnatal life in rodents. Brain microglia are substantively shaped by the micro‐ and macroenvironment and are responsive to stress and sex hormones in a region‐specific manner (Lenz & Nelson, ). Early life stress perturbs microglial maturation, which is suggested to have relevance to developmental trajectories and a variety of altered behaviours (Lenz & Nelson, ).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Brain microglia are substantively shaped by the micro‐ and macroenvironment and are responsive to stress and sex hormones in a region‐specific manner (Lenz & Nelson, ). Early life stress perturbs microglial maturation, which is suggested to have relevance to developmental trajectories and a variety of altered behaviours (Lenz & Nelson, ). It is now recognized that neuroimmune interactions modulate respiratory control, but hitherto, whether NMS affects brainstem medullary microglial density and maturity was not known.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%