Analytical chemistry, the scientific discipline associated with the study and characterization of both natural and artificial materials, is growing in almost every area. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used in a complementary fashion for the separation, identification, and quantification of analytes that make up the sample under investigation.Analytical methods can be broken down into two areas: traditional benchtop (also called wet chemistry) and instrumental analysis—the driving force behind almost all recent advances—that employs sophisticated computerized apparatus with specialized software for measurement. Recent improvements in instrumental analyses focus on applications to a broader scope of disciplines, including bioanalysis, forensics, military, environmental analysis, industrial analysis, materials analysis, and medical and clinical analysis. Biological applications (bioanalytical chemistry) such as cancer and biomarker studies are of special interest and therefore are the focus of this article.