Microlens self-writing on vertical laser diodes by Near Infra-Red photo-polymerization

Barat, David; Bardinal, Véronique; Dika, Ihab; Soppera, Olivier; Rumyantseva, Anna; Reig, Benjamin; Renault, M.; Bruyant, Aurélien; Doucet, Jean‐Baptiste; Camps, Thierry; Malval, Jean‐Pierre; Daran, Emmanuelle

doi:10.1016/j.mee.2013.03.155

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Photopolymerization has attracted growing attention in recent years . Applications cover different fields in information recording technologies including digital imaging, lithography, manufacturing of optical devices, adhesives, functional printing inks, light sensitive functional coatings, dental composites, composites for mechanical engineering, 3D printing with lasers or digital light processing, holography or controlled polymer synthesis . This requires to include a strong emissive source; that is for many cases a medium pressure Hg lamp emitting in the UV and visible part where small emission lines appear…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near‐IR and UV‐LED Sensitized Photopolymerization with Onium Salts Comprising Anions of Different Nucleophilicities

et al. 2019

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Iodonium‐ and sulfonium‐type onium salts with counter anions of different nucleophilicities, namely [Al(O‐t‐C(CF3)4)4]−, [(CF3SO2)2N]−, SCN−, CF3‐SO3−, PF6−, and 3,5‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate, were investigated in both NIR and UV‐LED sensitized photoinitiated polymerizations at 790 nm and 395 nm wavelength exposures, respectively. The reactivity of the neutral sensitizer Sens1, and the cationic sensitizer Sens2 were examined in combination with the onium salts. The reaction rate was compared with isopropylthioxanthone (Sens3) as sensitizer. The reactivity of the initiating system is proposed to be associated with the conductivity of the salts in acrylate monomers such as tri(propylene glycol) (TPGDA), trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), and 1,6‐hexane diol diacrylate (HDDA). Salts carrying the [Al(O‐t‐C(CF3)4)4]− anion require new consideration of previously introduced models because the reactivity of the salts does not directly correlate with their conductivities. Rhodamine B lactone quantitatively probed formation of acidic cations between considering the reaction between [(t‐C4H9‐Ph)2I]+[Al(O‐t‐C(CF3)4)4]− and photoexcited Sens2 comprising either BF4−, PF6− or [Al(O‐t‐C(CF3)4)4]−. No significant differences were observed in terms of the reactivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near‐IR and UV‐LED Sensitized Photopolymerization with Onium Salts Comprising Anions of Different Nucleophilicities

et al. 2019

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“…We already demonstrated in previous works that microlenses prepared with a similar material present interesting optical properties by optical near-field and far-field analysis and FDTD simulations, showing the suitable optical properties of the material in the NIR range. [32,37] Other works are underway to further control the shape and thus focal length of such microlens that would be of interest for VCSEL light collimating. This example also illustrates that the polymerization wavelength can be extended to 850 nm, thanks to the wide absorption spectrum of the dye.…”

Section: Microlenses On a Transparent Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Near infrared photopolymer for micro‐optics applications

Dika

Diot

Bardinal

et al. 2020

Journal of Polymer Science

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Near infrared (NIR) activable photopolymers suitable for versatile fabrication of microoptical elements were developed. The first main objective of this paper is to show that these new photopolymers can be used for microfabrication and investigate the parameters governing the microfabrication process. The impact of photonic, physico-chemical and chemical parameters is discussed. High quality microstructures with a good control over their size and shape are demonstrated. The second main objective is to show practical examples of microlenses and waveguides implemented on single core and multiple core optical fibers, VCSELs, and glass slides are then presented. The NIR photosensitivity of this negative tone photoresists allows using the device source itself as to start the crosslinking process, which constitutes a convenient approach for micro-optics self-positioning on NIR sources and justifies the interest of such NIR photopolymer for the fabrication micro-optical elements and optical interconnects.

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NIR Light for Initiation of Photopolymerization

Schmitz

Oprych

Kütahya

et al. 2018

Photopolymerisation Initiating Systems

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NIR light represents an interesting alternative for initiating both radical and cationic polymerization. It also offers the opportunity to provide non-radiative heat generated by the NIR sensitizer, resulting in initiation of physical processes, such as melting of powder coatings or decreasing the viscosity of liquids, which is needed to improve the spreading on certain substrates. This was concluded from the photophysical data of the NIR absorbers/sensitizers (cyanines). Generation of initiation species such as radicals and acidic cations follows both a phototonic and a thermally activated route, indicating the hybrid function of such photoinitiator systems. Iodonium salts with low coordinating anions function well as co-initiators/acceptors. Alternatively, upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) and upconversion phosphors represent an interesting alternative since these materials possess the capability to convert absorbed NIR laser light either into visible or UV light, resulting in excitation of the respective photoinitiator systems. Computer-to-plate (CtP) technology applying digital imaging of lithographic plates has mostly benefited from development of NIR-sensitized photopolymerization. Pioneering work was additionally pursued to cure both radical- and cationic-polymerizable multifunctional monomers. Formation of acidic cations was probed with Rhodamine B lactone. The curing of powder coatings applying NIR lasers instead of ovens can be seen as a breakthrough in the entire field of coatings. In addition, NIR photopolymerization can be applied for tailor-made synthesis of copolymers exhibiting a small polydispersity following the route of photo ATRP.

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Microlens self-writing on vertical laser diodes by Near Infra-Red photo-polymerization

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Near‐IR and UV‐LED Sensitized Photopolymerization with Onium Salts Comprising Anions of Different Nucleophilicities

Near‐IR and UV‐LED Sensitized Photopolymerization with Onium Salts Comprising Anions of Different Nucleophilicities

Near infrared photopolymer for micro‐optics applications

NIR Light for Initiation of Photopolymerization

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