Micronutrient evaluation of fortified soymilk from sprouted whole soybean for complementary feeding using response surface methodology

Abstract

Soymilk from TGX 923-2E soybean variety sprouted for 72hrs after 12 hours tap steeping was fortified with ferric ammonium citrate (Fe), calcium (Ca) and vitamin C (VC) according to Box-Wilson (1951) experimental design matrix. A central composite rotatable response surface design(CCRRSD) for K = 3 was employed to examine the linear, quadratic and cross product effects of independent process variable concentrations at 5 levels, Fe (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mg/100ml), Ca (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250mg/100ml) and VC (8, 16, 24, 32 and 40mg/100ml) on the nutrient density of fortified soymilk stored at ambient temperature for 12 weeks. A total of 21 experimental runs were generated and the response surface data for each run were statistically regressed and analyzed for variance using Minitab computer software (version 11.21). Three-dimensional response surface figures were plotted with Matlab software (version R 2007b) to visualize the effects of fortificants variables on the responses. Results obtained showed that all the fortificants were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) linearly related to their respective responses. None of the response micronutrient met the respective RDI per serving except samples with variable combinations 2, 100, 32; 2, 200, 32; 4, 200, 32 and 3, 150, 40mg/100ml for ferric ammonium citrate, calcium carbonate and vitamin C respectively.

Effect of process parameters on vitamins and sensory acceptability in micronutrient‐fortified soymilk prepared by small‐scale batch processing

“…This suggests the importance of minimizing the time to consumption of the fortified beverage. Okwunodulu and Iwe (2015) reported a slow but steady loss of vitamin C during ambient‐temperature storage of fortified, sprouted soymilk. Regarding stability, folate may have been resistant to degradation during both prolonged heat exposure and light‐exposed storage due to the protective effect of polysaccharides (including any fiber present) against light, heat, and oxygen, as reported by Liu et al (2012) and Ding and Yao (2013).…”

Influence of Plantain and Sprouted Soybean Pastes on the Nutrient and Proximate Composition of Two Species of Cocoyam Puddings as a Complementary Food

“…Though puddings from both cocoyam varieties responded linearly to iron increase due to plantain inclusion in their formulations [18], but those from ede-ocha still maintained their significant superiority when compared to their corresponding counterparts. General lower iron content from the puddings of both cocoyam varieties apart from variety may be attributed to leaching during boiling [16] and interaction with calcium and vitamin C in the puddings [29]. Meeting iron RDI of 11mg/d [52] for infants aged between 6 months to 2 years requires consumption of higher quantities of the puddings (>1.896kg) from both cocoyam varieties which makes the puddings poor sources of iron unless other iron rich food nutrients are used in the formulations.…”

“…Also, sprouting increases vitamins, mineral (calcium, copper, manganese, and zinc) nutrient bioavailability [27] and free amino acid [28]. Sprouted soybean had been used to formulate complementary foods [4,29]. Other uses of soybean such baking of cake have been reported [30].…”

“…It is interesting to note that despite same formulations and higher ash content of ede-cocoindia, ash content of sample 104 (45% cocoyam, 45% plantain, 10% soybean) was higher than sample 108 (45% cocoyam, 45% plantain, 10% soybean). This may mean that vitamin -mineral interactions [29] which are nutrient loss [40], and leaching of mineral [16] may have been higher in ede-cocoindia than in ede-ocha. Ash is an indication of the amount of minerals (trace elements) with a well defined biochemical functions in the human body [41].…”

Response Surface Optimization of Dietary Iron, Calcium and Vitamin C in Soyamilk for Complementary Feeding

“…The basic approach, first suggested by Box and Wilson [1], ingeniously combined elements of multiple regression theory and its specialized form in analysis of variance with special features of the factorial designs, including principles of partitioning, confounding and fractional replicates. An important aspect in applying response surface methodology is the design of experiment [2][3][4][5][6]. These designs differ from one another with respect to their selection of experimental points, number of runs and block.…”