Micronutrient intakes and status assessed by probability approach among the urban adult population of Hyderabad city in South India

Meitei is the main ethnic community that belongs to the north‐eastern state of Manipur in India. This community is bestowed with rich biodiverse resources with indigenous foods still form an integral part of their diet. However, limited data on the food and nutrient consumption as well as nutritional status of this community are available. This study was carried out on the children, adolescents and women of reproductive age (WRA) of this community from 12 villages, to determine their food consumption pattern and nutritional status. Basic anthropometry and 24‐h dietary intake assessment was conducted. The prevalence of underweight was 27%, stunting was 45% and wasting was 12% in children below 5 years. Stunting was observed among 34% of children 5–17 years of age. About 7% of WRA were undernourished, while 28% were overweight or obese. About 55% of 1–7 year‐old children had mean probability adequacy of 12 micronutrients <0.5, and the adequacy of individual micronutrients namely vitamin A, E and calcium were low. Dietary determinants such as low dietary diversity score, dietary species richness and the lowest tertiles of different food groups' intake (except for sugars, fish and sea foods and spices and condiments) predicted micronutrient inadequacy. In addition to a high prevalence of undernutrition in children and adolescents and overnutrition in WRA, the effect of various dietary determinants on micronutrient adequacy in the study group of the Meitei community are reported.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary adequacy and nutritional status of Meitei community of Manipur, Northeast India

Loukrakpam

Ananthan

Madhari

et al. 2020

“…A lower MPA (18%) is reported among rural adolescent girls (10-19 years) from 10 states in India (Radhika et al, 2018). Another recent study (Shalini et al, 2019) among urban adults (20-60 years) and elderly (>60 years) from the district sharing T A B L E 3 Blood haemoglobin, plasma ferritin, folic acid and vitamin B 12 status among different age groups Plasma ferritin values of seven children, that is, two children (6-9 years), four children (10-13 years) and one child (14-17 years), were excluded from analysis as their C reactive protein concentration was > 5 mg L −1 .…”

Section: Magnitude and Factors Associated With Dietary Micronutrienmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Logistic regression was used to assess the association of selected individual and household level factors with risk of dietary micronutrient inadequacy (MPA < 0.5) in unadjusted and adjusted models (Model 1, adjusted for age and gender and Model 2, adjusted for age, gender and energy intake). These factors were chosen based on recent literature(Pillay et al, 2018;Shalini et al, 2019). The odds of micronutrient inadequacy were two times higher in children belonging to backward and other communities (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.22, 4.81; P = .011) when compared with scheduled caste and schedule tribe communities and lower in children belonging to other religions (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.73; P = .005) compared with Hindu religion.…”

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confidence: 99%

High dietary micronutrient inadequacy in peri‐urban school children from a district in South India: Potential for staple food fortification and nutrient supplementation

Madhari

Boddula

Palika

et al. 2020

Self Cite

Multiple micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) co‐exist, often because of poor intakes and adversely impact health. Habitual diets were assessed in 300 school children (6–17 years old) recruited from two government schools by simple random sampling. Probability of adequacy (PA) for 11 micronutrients and mean probability of adequacy (MPA) was calculated. Haemoglobin, plasma ferritin, folic acid, vitamin B 12 and C‐reactive protein were estimated. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to estimate magnitude and factors associated with MNDs. The contribution of fortified foods and/or supplements in addressing inadequacies and excessive intakes was modelled. The PA ranged from 0.04 for folate to 0.70 for zinc, and the MPA was 0.27. Prevalence of anaemia (53%), iron deficiency (57%; ID), iron deficiency anaemia (38%; IDA), folate deficiency (24%) and B 12 deficiency (43%) was high. Dietary inadequacy of iron, zinc and a low MPA was associated with anaemia and IDA. Inclusion of double fortified salt (DFS), fortified rice (FR) or iron folic acid (IFA) supplements individually in habitual diet reduced probability of iron inadequacy significantly from 82% to ≤13%. Inclusion of DFS and FR simultaneously led to disappearance of iron inadequacy, but risk of excessive intake increased to 16%. Inclusion of DFS, FR and IFA together increased risk of excess iron intake to 40%. Nevertheless, intakes of folate and B 12 remained inadequate even with FR and/or IFA. These results indicate a high risk of dietary MNDs in children and suggest need for more systematic intake measurements in representative sample and adjustment of iron dosages to avoid excessive intakes.

“…The median habitual dietary intake of iron and additional iron intake due to consumption of fortified rice among 1-17-year-old children and women of reproductive age (WRA) are presented in (Nair et al, 2016;Shalini et al, 2018;Sivakumar et al, 2006). The dietary intake assessments also indicated gross inadequacy of both macro (except carbohydrate) and micronutrients among Indian population (NNMB, 2002).…”

Section: Contribution Of Fortified Rice To the Dietary Iron Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…anaemia with concurrent iron deficiency and deficiencies of other micronutrients such as folic acid, vitamin B 12 and vitamin A (Laxmaiah et al, 2012;Nair et al, 2016;Sivakumar et al, 2006). A recent study among urban adults also found suboptimal intakes of micronutrients and high prevalence of subclinical deficiencies among apparently healthy urban adults (Shalini et al, 2018). Although targeted therapeutic supplementation is being practised, owing to its poor compliance, food fortification is considered an alternate long-term food-based strategy to prevent and control micronutrient deficiencies at population level (Hurrell, 2002;WHO, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Retention, stability, iron bioavailability and sensory evaluation of extruded rice fortified with iron, folic acid and vitamin B₁₂

Jyrwa

Palika

Boddula

et al. 2020

Self Cite

Fortification of rice with micronutrients using extrusion technology is considered a sustainable strategy to prevent nutritional deficiencies in general population. The objective of the present study is to assess the retention, stability and iron bioavailability from indigenously developed triple fortified rice (iron, folic acid and vitamin B 12 ) during rinsing and different cooking methods. Further, we also assessed the acceptability of fortified rice in adult human volunteers. The retention of iron during rinsing with excess water was ≥90%, whereas folic acid and vitamin B 12 levels were reduced by ~25% during rinsing. Watertight cooking of rice (in electric cooker or on flame) had no additional effect on the nutrient levels as compared with rinsed rice, implying their stability during cooking. However, cooking with excess water followed by decanting led to loss of 45% iron and ≥70% folic acid and vitamin B 12 . The dialyzable iron and ferritin synthesis in Caco‐2 cells was significantly ( P < .01) higher from fortified rice compared with unfortified rice. In addition, inclusion of ascorbic acid significantly ( P < .01) increased the iron bioavailability from the fortified rice. Triangle tests in adult human subjects revealed that there are no significant sensory differences among fortified and unfortified rice. Further, fortified rice consumption appears to bridge the gaps in dietary iron intake deficits in children and women of reproductive age. These results suggest that the iron‐, folic acid‐ and vitamin B 12 ‐fortified rice has higher retention and stability of fortified nutrients and is acceptable for consumption in adult human volunteers.