Micronutrients

Moren, Mari; Waagbø, Rune; Hamre, Kristin

doi:10.1002/9780470959862.ch4

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…Although ARA is present in fish tissues in lower amounts than DHA and EPA, absolute amounts of dietary ARA may not be neglected, as well as its content relative to EPA and DHA (Moren et al . ). Arachidonic acid is the major precursor for eicosanoid synthesis, enhancing the immune system and resistance to stress (Bell et al .…”

Section: Causative Factors Of Skeletal Anomalies In Reared Fishmentioning

confidence: 97%

Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors

Boglione

Gisbert

Gavaia

et al. 2013

Reviews in Aquaculture

291

410

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The presence of skeletal anomalies in farmed teleost fish is currently a major problem in aquaculture, entailing economical, biological and ethical issues. The common occurrence of skeletal abnormalities in farmed fish and the absence of effective solutions for avoiding their onset or definitely culling out the affected individuals as early as possible from the productive cycle, highlight the need to improve our knowledge on the basic processes regulating fish skeletogenesis and skeletal tissues differentiation, modelling and remodelling. Severe skeletal anomalies may actually occur throughout the entire life cycle of fish, but their development often begins with slight aberrations of the internal elements. Comprehensive investigation efforts conducted on reared larvae and juveniles could provide a great contribution in filling the gap in knowledge, as skeletogenesis and skeletal tissue differentiation occur during these early life stages. The aim of this review is to provide a synthetic but comprehensive picture of the actual knowledge on the ontogeny, typologies and occurrence of skeletal anomalies, and on the proposed causative factors for their onset in larvae and juveniles of European farmed fish. The state-of-art of knowledge of these issues is analysed critically intending to individualize the main gaps of knowledge that require to be filled, in order to optimize the morphological quality of farmed juveniles.

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Section: Causative Factors Of Skeletal Anomalies In Reared Fishmentioning

confidence: 97%

Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors

Boglione

Gisbert

Gavaia

et al. 2013

Reviews in Aquaculture

291

410

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…First feeding of juvenile fish represents a sensitive stage and nutrition related disorders may arise during this period. Feed should supply sufficiently all essential nutrients in correct amounts and digestible chemical forms and feed particles must be optimized according to fish (mouth) size (Waagbø, 2010; Moren et al., 2011). Providing such feeds for fish larvae can be challenging due to lack of nutritional knowledge (unknown nutrient requirements at rapid growth rates), reduced digestion capacity (suboptimal nutrient bioavailability and uptake), low retention efficiency (low nutrient storage capacity) and poor technical quality (nutrient leaching, improper feed size and low nutrient digestibility).…”

Section: When and Why Do Vertebral Deformities Develop?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Providing such feeds for fish larvae can be challenging due to lack of nutritional knowledge (unknown nutrient requirements at rapid growth rates), reduced digestion capacity (suboptimal nutrient bioavailability and uptake), low retention efficiency (low nutrient storage capacity) and poor technical quality (nutrient leaching, improper feed size and low nutrient digestibility). The most studied factor that induces vertebral deformities in salmonids is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency (Halver, 1972; Waagbø, 2010; Moren et al., 2011). Vitamin C is essential as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase, two enzymes that are responsible for the hydroxylation of the amino acids proline and lysine in collagen.…”

Section: When and Why Do Vertebral Deformities Develop?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebral deformities in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) - etiology and pathology

Fjelldal

Hansen

Breck³

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Ichthyology

106

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Summary The present review sums up and discusses the current literature on occurrence, causation and pathology of vertebral deformities in farmed Atlantic salmon, and also gives a brief introduction into the normal ontogeny and anatomy of the vertebral column of Atlantic salmon. Skeletal development and growth are sensitive processes that can be affected by many factors. Many of these factors can be manipulated under farming conditions, and are thus regarded as risk factors. Several risk factors that relate to environmental conditions and to feed composition have been identified. Elevated temperatures and photoperiod manipulation to speed up growth are likely the most important environmental factors that cause skeletal deformities. Among the nutritional factors, optimal phosphorus nutrition during specific periods, for example after transfer to sea water, appears to be critical for development of deformity at later stages. More research is needed to understand the interdependency of genetics, development, aging, phosphorus nutrition, temperature and photoperiod, in order to establish the best practice procedures for salmon farming that improve fish welfare.

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“…This difference appears to be linked to differences in nutritional composition between the two zooplankton types, with rotifers having low levels of several nutrients, such as zinc, taurine and/or protein, compared to copepods [3,[5][6][7][8][9]. The lower levels of certain nutrients in rotifers are probably deficient to sustain the high growth rates and successful metamorphosis of larval fish evolutionary adapted to the elevated levels of nutrients typical of copepods in their natural habitat [10,11]. However, the underlying molecular reasons why the nutrient composition of copepods results in faster growth rates and improved development of fish larvae than that of rotifers remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet affects the redox system in developing Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Hamre¹,

Penglase²,

Edvardsen

et al. 2015

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

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a b s t r a c tThe growth and development of marine fish larvae fed copepods is superior to those fed rotifers, but the underlying molecular reasons for this are unclear. In the following study we compared the effects of such diets on redox regulation pathways during development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. Cod larvae were fed a control diet of copepods or the typical rotifer/Artemia diet commonly used in commercial marine fish hatcheries, from first feeding until after metamorphosis. The oxidised and reduced glutathione levels, the redox potential, and the mRNA expression of 100 genes in redox system pathways were then compared between treatments during larval development. We found that rotifer/Artemia-fed cod larvae had lower levels of oxidised glutathione, a more reduced redox potential, and altered expression of approximately half of the redox system genes when compared to copepod-fed larvae. This rotifer/Artemia diet-induced differential regulation of the redox system was greatest during periods of suboptimal growth. Upregulation of the oxidative stress response transcription factor, nrf2, and NRF2 target genes in rotifer/Artemia fed larvae suggest this diet induced an NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response. Overall, the data demonstrate that nutritional intake plays a role in regulating the redox system in developing fish larvae. This may be a factor in dietary-induced differences observed in larval growth.

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Micronutrients

Cited by 16 publications

References 162 publications

Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors

Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors

Vertebral deformities in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) - etiology and pathology

Diet affects the redox system in developing Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

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