“…Metal oxide nano/microstructures can also be fabricated by applying these solution systems to electronic or photonic devices. Many kinds of lithography or patterning techniques have been developed to prepare patterns of thin films, for instance, X-ray/electronbeam lithography and photolithography, 19 microcontact printing, 20,21 wet etching, 22 ink-jet printing, 23 embossing, 24,25 slip-pressing, 26 charge-based printing, 27 micromolding, 28 and cold welding 29 . However, etching or lift-off processes are required in many of these methods, which causes degradation of performance, increases waste and energy consumption, and makes the process complicated.…”