Micropenis: Adult follow-up and comparison of size against new norms

Money, John; Lehne, Gregory K.; Pierre-Jerome, Frantz

doi:10.1080/00926238408405796

Cited by 33 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…34 It should be noted that variation exists in what is considered to be a normal distribution of penile length. 35,36 For the sake of comparing the present set of data with those in other reports, we used Schonfeld and Beebe's 34 norms as a comparison.…”

Section: Physical Appearance In Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One participant was a 46,XY true hermaphrodite (14). Finally, the cause of abnormal sex differentiation could not be determined in the remaining 4 participants (18,(35)(36)(37).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fourteen participants, 9 currently living as men (13-21) and 5 currently living as women (35)(36)(37)(38)(39), were considered to have a poorly defined cause underlying their genital ambiguity. Four participants (13, 19, 20, and 38) were believed to be affected by a timing defect of their hypothalamic, pituitary, and/or gonadal function.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objectives. To identify and study adults (21 years or older) who have a 46,XY karyotype and presented as infants or children with genital ambiguity, including a small phallus and perineoscrotal hypospadias, reared male or female.Methods. Participants were classified according to the cause underlying their intersex condition based on review of medical and surgical records. Long-term medical and surgical outcome was assessed with a written questionnaire and physical examination. Long-term psychosexual development was assessed with a written questionnaire and semistructured interview.Results. Thirty-nine (72%) of 54 eligible patients participated. The cause underlying genital ambiguity of participants included partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (n ‫؍‬ 14; 5 men and 9 women), partial gonadal dysgenesis (n ‫؍‬ 11; 7 men and 4 women), and other intersex conditions. Men had significantly more genital surgeries (mean: 5.8) than women (mean: 2.1), and physician-rated cosmetic appearance of the genitalia was significantly worse for men than for women. The majority of participants were satisfied with their body image, and men and women did not differ on this measure. Most men (90%) and women (83%) had sexual experience with a partner. Men and women did not differ in their satisfaction with their sexual function. The majority of participants were exclusively heterosexual, and men considered themselves to be masculine and women considered themselves to be feminine. Finally, 23% of participants (5 men and 4 women) were dissatisfied with their sex of rearing determined by their parents and physicians.Conclusions. Either male or female sex of rearing can lead to successful long-term outcome for the majority of cases of severe genital ambiguity in 46,XY individuals.We discuss factors that should be considered by parents and physicians when deciding on a sex of rearing for such infants. Pediatrics 2002;110(3). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/3/e31; intersex, sex assignment, gender, androgen insensitivity, gonadal dysgenesis, psychosexual, genital reconstruction, hormone replacement.ABBREVIATIONS. PAIS, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome; PGD, partial gonadal dysgenesis. D uring fetal sex differentiation, genetic males who are unable to masculinize their sex ducts and external genitalia can be classified into 2 major etiologic groups: 1) the inability of the fetus to produce sufficient amounts of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone or 2) the inability of the fetus to respond to androgens that are present in normal amounts. 1 We previously described a population of 46,XY subjects who presented to the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic of Johns Hopkins Hospital with varying degrees of undermasculinized genitalia. 2 In this population, the most difficult group to treat in terms of gender assignment is that of individuals who were born with ambiguous genitalia that includes a small phallus and perineoscrotal hypospadias. 3 For this group of patients, there is a lack of agreement about optimal sex ...

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Section: Physical Appearance In Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One participant was a 46,XY true hermaphrodite (14). Finally, the cause of abnormal sex differentiation could not be determined in the remaining 4 participants (18,(35)(36)(37).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

et al. 2002

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“…is regarded as the lower limit of normal variation for most quantitative traits (27)(28)(29) and was thus the definition of micropenis used in this work. According to the standards for mean penile size (27,(30)(31)(32), a stretched penile length of !25 mm was thus considered as micropenis.…”

Section: Clinical Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Idiopathic’ partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in 28 newborn and infant males: impact of prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals?

Gaspari

Paris

Philibert

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: 46,XY disorders of sex differentiation (46,XY DSD) can be due to a testis determination defect, an androgen biosynthesis defect, or androgen resistance (complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), or 5a reductase deficiency). We aimed to evaluate the impact of a prenatal contamination by environmental xenoestrogens in 'idiopathic' PAIS-like phenotype. Subjects: We investigated 28 newborn/infant males with 46,XY DSD, normal androgen production, and no androgen receptor or steroid-5aR type II enzyme (SRD5A2) gene mutations. Methods: To exclude other genetic defects, we sequenced the steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) and mastermind-like domain-containing 1 (MAMLD1) genes, which were recently found to be associated with the PAIS-like phenotype. Parents were interviewed about their environmental/occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) before/during the patients' fetal life. Total estrogenic bioactivity of patient serum was analyzed by ultrasensitive bioassay. Results: All the patients had normal SF1 sequence and one patient showed a double polymorphism of MAMLD1. Eleven (39.3%) of the 28 patients had reported parental fetal exposure to EDCs. The mean estrogenic bioactivity in these 11 patients with fetal EDC exposure (6.65G8.07 pg/ml) versus 17 cases without contamination (1.27G0.34 pg/ml) and controls (1.06G0.44 pg/ml; P!0.05) was elevated. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the 'idiopathic' PAIS-like phenotype may in some cases be related to EDC contamination during fetal life.

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“…Seven of these men were dissatisfied with the appearance of their genitalia, and five reported a history of being teased about the size of their penis. Six men were heterosexual and three were homosexual [7]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital Micropenis: Long-Term Medical, Surgical and Psychosexual Follow-Up of Individuals Raised Male or Female

et al. 2001

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Objectives: to document long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual outcome of individuals with congenital micropenis (13 males, 5 females). Methods: Physical measurements from childhood were collected retrospectively from medical records and at adulthood by physical examination. An adult psychosexual assessment was conducted with a written questionnaire and oral discussion. Results: Adult penile length was below the normal mean in all men. Three women had vaginoplasty resulting in normal length. All men reported good or fair erections but 50% were dissatisfied with their genitalia. Dissatisfaction with body image resulted from having a small penis (66%), inadequate body hair (50%), gynecomastia (33%) and youthful appearance (33%). Ten men were heterosexual, 1 homosexual and 2 bisexual. Among women, 4 (80%) were dissatisfied with their genitalia. Three women reported average libido with orgasm and were also heterosexual. Two women had no sexual interest or experience. Finally, males were masculine and females feminine in their gender-role identity, and both groups were satisfied with their sex of rearing. Conclusions: Regarding choice of gender, male sex of rearing can result in satisfactory genito-sexual function. Female gender can also result in success, however it requires extensive feminizing surgery.

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Micropenis: Adult follow-up and comparison of size against new norms

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

‘Idiopathic’ partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in 28 newborn and infant males: impact of prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals?

Congenital Micropenis: Long-Term Medical, Surgical and Psychosexual Follow-Up of Individuals Raised Male or Female

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