MicroRNA-7a overexpression in VMH restores the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia

MiRNA and associated inflammatory changes from baseline to hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes

“…less than 10 years after which hypoglycemic unawareness may develop, the physiological response to hypoglycemia is altered and perhaps blunted, a phenomenon better recognised in patients with T2D of longer duration ( 39 , 40 ). In animal models, experimentally induced recurrent hypoglycemia resulted in ventromedial hypothalamus downregulation of miR7a-5p that, when targeted overexpression was used, the epinephrine response to hypoglycemia was restored ( 34 ). Overall, many of the miRNAs that were significantly different in controls have been associated with potential beneficial actions, suggesting that their changes may be protective, and that this protection is lost, or potentially delayed, in T2D.…”

“…In vitro , the low glucose condition decreased the expression of miRNA-17-5p and miRNA-20a-5p in hepatoma cells ( 32 ), whilst several miRNA were modulated by low glucose in embryonal mouse hypothalamus cells ( 33 ). In animal models, hypoglycemia resulted in ventromedial hypothalamus downregulation of miR7a-5p that, when targeted overexpression was used, the epinephrine response to hypoglycemia was restored ( 34 ). In a study restricted to 14 patients with type 2 diabetes alone who underwent a hypoglycemic challenge, selective miRNA analysis restricted to those associated with platelet expression was undertaken on hsa-miR-106a.5p, hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-126-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-15b-3p, has-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-223-3p, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-129-2-3p.…”

Ventromedial Hypothalamus Activation Aggravates Hypertension Myocardial Remodeling Through the Sympathetic Nervous System

“…A midline skin incision was made on the head to expose the surface of the skull. 100 nl of rAAV-hSyn-hM3D(Gq)-EGFP-WPRE-pA2/2 virus (Brain VTA, Wuhan, China) was injected into the bilateral VMH ( 20 ) (coordinates: anteroposterior −2.6 mm, mediolateral ±0.6 mm, dorsoventral −9.2 mm) at an infusion rate of 10 nL/min using a 10-μl Hamilton nanoinjector ( Figure 1B ). The injector was left in place for 10 min before withdrawal.…”

Micromanaging the neuroendocrine system – A review on miR‐7 and the other physiologically relevant miRNAs in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis

“…The forthcoming miRNA profiling studies in the model organism, mainly rodents, looked more in detail into specific developmental stages [20,21] and/or sex differences [20,22,23], specific substructures (nuclei) [24][25][26][27][28][29], or neuronal populations [30] within the hypothalamus. Importantly, the majority of these studies were performed in the presence of certain stress factors, for example, metabolic/nutritional distress [27,28,31] (caloric restriction, high-fat diet, insulin-induced hypoglycemia), paradigms provoking depression-and anxiety-related behaviors [23,32], or exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals [25]. Collectively, these studies showed miRNA deregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis upon long-term nutritional challenges and when exposed to other stressors.…”

“…Collectively, these studies showed miRNA deregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis upon long-term nutritional challenges and when exposed to other stressors. Among stimuli-responsive miRNAs, there were also reported miRNAs robustly expressed in the neuroendocrine tissues, such as miR-7, miR-200, or miR-30 family members and their respective targets [27,29,31]. Except for model organisms, miRNAs were also intensively profiled and studied in other animals, especially species important from the economic point of view, that is, livestock.…”