MicroRNA and Exosome in Retinal-related Diseases: Their Roles in the Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

Abstract

Abstract:: The precise and exquisite architecture of the retina is directly related to vision. Therefore, any mechanisms which are associated with disruption of retinal structure could affect on quality of vision. A large number studies indicated that several cellular and molecular processes involved in retina pathogenesis. Among different risk factors which are reported as important players in the retina diseases, deregulation of epigenetic contributors, have critical roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small non-coding RNAs that involved in various signaling pathways involved in the retina diseases. These molecules exert their function though targeting a sequence of cellular and molecular signals. Long-non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs are other non-coding RNAs which can exert their regulatory roles via miRNA sponging. In this regard, it has been showed that miRNA sponging could modulate a variety of pathways in retinal diseases. Besides miRNAs, exosomes are other players in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases. Exosomes are biological vectors which could carry their cargos to recipient cells. The cargos of exosomes (i.e., proteins, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and fragments of DNA) enable to change behaviors of host cells. Here, we summarized the roles of miRNAs, miRNAs sponging and exosomes in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases.

Calpain-2 Facilitates Autophagic/Lysosomal Defects and Apoptosis in ARPE-19 Cells and Rats Induced by Exosomes from RPE Cells under NaIO3 Stimulation

“…The released exosomes carry double-stranded DNA, mRNA, noncoding RNA (microRNA and lncRNA), and undigested or partially digested proteins out of the cell. This suggests that exosomes act as vital mediators during intercellular communication [ 32 , 33 ]. Exosomes perform important roles in both physiological and pathological processes in AMD [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Down regulation of Cathepsin W is associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer

“…MiRNAs are non-coding RNAs with a length of 19–24 nucleotides that regulate gene expression of more than 30% of human genes following transcription. They pair to their target's untranslated 3′(3′-UTR) region of mRNAs, resulting in inhibition or degradation of the mRNAs 21 . Up or down-regulation or misplacement of miRNAs may play crucial roles in cancer development, tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemical resistance 22 – 26 .…”

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect retina in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa by anti-inflammation through miR-146a-Nr4a3 axis

“…Their advantage over stem cells has to do with their low immunogenicity and easier administration. EVs or exosomes (Exos, EVs with 30-200 nm diameter size) collected from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been applied to animal models of retinal and eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma and agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) and proved effective mainly through their powerful anti-inflammatory effects [11][12][13][14][15]. One study of a rat model used neural progenitor cells (NPC)-Exos and reported an inhibition of the pro-inflammatory factors (including tumor necrosis factor-α/TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2) [9], but only few studies explored the effect and mechanism of MSC-EVs on degenerated photoreceptors.…”