“…Second, different detection methods and platforms, including microarray, qRT-PCR, and sequencing, can affect the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of miRNA measurement [78,79]. Third, patient characteristics and clinical factors, such as age, gender, smoking status, ethnicity, stage, grade, histology, treatment, and prognosis, may impact the biogenesis, stability, and function of miRNAs [78][79][80]. Finally, environmental and lifestyle factors, such as carcino-gens, pollutants, diet, exercise, stress, and infection, may also alter miRNA expression through epigenetic mechanisms, directly or indirectly [80].…”