MicroRNA regulation of viral replication in teleost fish: a review

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules. In addition to participating in various biological processes of eukaryotes, such as cell proliferation, development, differentiation, metabolism, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis, miRNAs also play an important role in the regulation of virus replication. Here, we review the current knowledge on high-throughput miRNA sequencing of teleost fish or fish cells in response to virus infection, the role of teleost fish miRNAs in regulating virus replication via targeting either fish or virus genes and the function of teleost fish virus-encoded miRNAs during virus infection. Understanding the interaction between the miRNAs and the host or virus genes will lead to the identification of novel strategy to prevent virus infection in teleost fish.

Multiomics analysis revealed miRNAs as potential regulators of the immune response in Carassius auratus gills to Aeromonas hydrophila infection

“…At the protein level, in order to identify the biological pathways that play key roles in the response to A. hydrophila infection, we performed iTRAQ and KEGG analyses of the DEPs. The significantly enriched immune pathways found included bacterial invasion of epithelial cells ( 14 ), complement and coagulation cascades ( 15 ), regulation of actin cytoskeleton ( 14 ), focal adhesion ( 8 ), antigen processing and presentation ( 10 ), FcγR-mediated phagocytosis ( 5 ), phagosome ( 14 ), pathogenic Escherichia coli infection ( 19 ), endocytosis ( 11 ), NF-κB and MAPK ( 6 ), and insulin signaling pathway ( 5 ) of DEPs ( Supplementary Table S5 ). Notably, the network pathways for the association of the identified DEPs in the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and endocytosis were significantly downregulated at the protein level in the gills ( Figure 8 ).…”

“…With the development of intensive aquaculture in China, the outbreak of bacterial diseases of the crucian carp C. auratus has become a serious problem, causing economic losses ( 18 , 27 ). Recently, the spotlight on miRNA biomarkers, target genes, and immune regulation has been of great significance for the prevention and treatment of diseases in teleost fish ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). Mucosal immunity (i.e., gills, skin, and intestine) is the host’s first line of defense against pathogen infection ( 3 , 18 , 27 ), which involves different signaling pathways that are regulated by complex mechanisms; however, most of the miRNAs are still unclear in fish ( 8 , 9 ).…”

“…Recently, the spotlight on miRNA biomarkers, target genes, and immune regulation has been of great significance for the prevention and treatment of diseases in teleost fish ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). Mucosal immunity (i.e., gills, skin, and intestine) is the host’s first line of defense against pathogen infection ( 3 , 18 , 27 ), which involves different signaling pathways that are regulated by complex mechanisms; however, most of the miRNAs are still unclear in fish ( 8 , 9 ). As essential regulatory factors of gene expression in the biological process, miRNAs play important roles in cell differentiation, organ development, and immune progression ( 9 , 44 ).…”

“…The crucian carp C. auratus is a major freshwater species cultured for human consumption in China ( 5 , 18 ). Nevertheless, the outbreak of bacterial diseases of C. auratus is has become a serious problem, causing economic losses ( 8 , 18 , 27 ). As an important Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, A. hydrophila is widely distributed in the water environment ( 27 ).…”

MicroRNA-124 Promotes Singapore Grouper Iridovirus Replication and Negatively Regulates Innate Immune Response

“…(13)(14)(15). MiRNAs can also regulate viral replication by adjusting innate immune response or apoptosis of host (16): miR-214 enhances the expression of the target gene AMPK and promotes Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) replication by reducing the expression of type I interferon regulator (17); miR-731 can increase Cytomegalovirus replication in the early stage of infection by inhibiting the expression of IRF7 and p53, IFN-I response, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest (18).…”