MicroRNAs in central nervous system disorders: current advances in pathogenesis and treatment

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules that function as post transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Altered expression of multiple miRNAs was found to be extensively involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of excitotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and blood–brain barrier protection. Consequently, miRNAs can serve as biomarkers for different neurological disorders. In recent years, advances in the miRNA field led to identification of potentially novel prospects in the development of new therapies for incurable CNS disorders. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors that can decrease or increase the expression of target genes. Better understanding of the mechanisms by which miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders may provide novel targets to researchers for innovative therapeutic strategies.

Description of a CSF-Enriched miRNA Panel for the Study of Neurological Diseases

“…miRNAs have been described to be implicated in different processes such as inflammation, neurogenesis, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection and/or remyelination [33,34]. The deregulation of their levels in patients with neurological diseases might represent new potential biomarkers as well as new avenues for research in developing new therapies [33][34][35]. Some of the unsolved challenges in miRNA profiling studies include the existence of heterogeneous and conflicting results as well as the lack of replication among studies [22].…”

“…For this reason, circulating miRNA profiles have been widely studied in different conditions to exploit their potential as biomarkers. miRNAs have been described to be implicated in different processes such as inflammation, neurogenesis, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier protection and/or remyelination [ 33 , 34 ]. The deregulation of their levels in patients with neurological diseases might represent new potential biomarkers as well as new avenues for research in developing new therapies [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

The microRNAs (miRs) overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy in neurological disorders; hope or hype

“…46 and miR-411 47 could lessen inflammatory responses in animals with SCI. 48 Other research has demonstrated that miR-146a is involved in the control of inflammation and the innate immune system. 49 Its deregulation in a variety of diseases and pathological processes associated with inflammation, particularly in the nervous system, suggests its significant role in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly neuroinflammation.…”

Cervical Cancer, Papillomavirus, and miRNA Dysfunction

“…Most miRNAs are involved in the regulation of fundamental biological processes, such as proliferation (Lenkala et al, 2014), differentiation (Yao, 2016), inflammation (Zhou W. et al, 2018), apoptosis (Taghavipour et al, 2020), cell cycle (Mens and Ghanbari, 2018), and immune response (Chandan et al, 2020). Due to their wide range of functions, miRNA dysregulation has significant consequences in terms of cellular outcomes enhancing the development of a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (Zhou S.-S. et al, 2018), neurological disorders (Hussein and Magdy, 2021), autoimmune disorders (Salvi et al, 2019) and cancer (Peng and Croce, 2016).…”