Microsatellite analysis of raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>) population structure across an extensive metropolitan landscape

Santonastaso, T.; Dubach, Jean; Hauver, Stephanie A.; Graser, William H.; Gehrt, Stanley D.

doi:10.1644/10-mamm-a-410.1

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This process likely involved juveniles as they were not radiocollared, and probably involved over-winter survival or emigration, neither of which is mutually exclusive. Genetic evidence for this population, and others like it, indicated there was little immigration into the population (< 5 % of the study population originated outside the study area, Santonastaso et al 2012), which was consistent with field data (Gehrt unpublished data), suggesting a general flow outward from the population and a possible density-dependent mechanism that is difficult to observe in this species.…”

Section: Density-dependent Factorssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Genetic and behavioral data for foxes in Melbourne, Australia, and Zurich, Switzerland, revealed limited dispersal and relatively low genetic heterogeneity among urban foxes when compared to outlying rural populations (Robinson and Marks 2001;Wandeler et al 2003). Extensive mark-recapture data across the urban landscape of Scarborough, Ontario, and recent genetic analysis of subpopulations across Chicago revealed metapopulation structure with limited dispersal and gene flow for raccoons, despite that species being the most abundant native mesomammal in both systems (Broadfoot et al 2001;Santonastaso et al 2012). However, gene flow was still sufficient to prevent loss of genetic diversity or drift due to limited dispersal in the Chicago system (Santonastaso et al 2012).…”

Section: Metapopulations and Genetic Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Wildlife Population Dynamics in Urban Landscapes

Rodewald

Gehrt

2014

Urban Wildlife

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To say that urban wildlife populations differ from those in other landscapes is, in some ways, to state the obvious, as many studies have well demonstrated how urbanization influences pattern of occurrence and relative abundance of wildlife (e.g., Blair 1996;Marzluff et al. 2001;Sinclair et al. 2005;Chace and Walsh 2006). Identifying the specific ways in which urban and nonurban wildlife populations differ and the drivers of those differences is less understood and requires a more careful examination. The response of a species to urbanization may be the consequence of life history, and behavioral and physiological attributes that promote avoidance, tolerance, or preference for urban systems. For example, urban avoiders, or species that respond negatively to development, tend to be habitat specialists, migratory, and/or sensitive to a wide range of human activities and disturbance (Croci et al. 2008). Species that respond positively to urban development (e.g., synanthropic species, urban exploiters) are often generalists, omnivorous, multi-brooded, and behaviorally flexible. Because these suites of species differ widely in population ecology even in the absence of urbanization, we forgo a direct comparison of these groups of species and, rather, examine how urbanization affects population structure and demography of species occupying both urban and nonurban landscapes (i.e., urban adapters).As we synthesize the literature, we recognize the inherent difficulty of clearly defining a "population." What distinguishes a subpopulation from a population? For some species, this may be quite clear because of limited vagility and strong segregation among habitat types; for others, it may be unclear, particularly those with more generalist habitat requirements and extensive mobility across urban

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Section: Density-dependent Factorssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Metapopulations and Genetic Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wildlife Population Dynamics in Urban Landscapes

Rodewald

Gehrt

2014

Urban Wildlife

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“…The haplotype composition and low effective population size, combined with the high density of raccoons in Germany (Hohmann 2001), rather argue for interbreeding of related individuals and against multiple sources of introduction of individual populations. The level of intrapopulation genetic diversity, expressed as expected heterozygosity values and allelic richness, are comparable with those reported for raccoon populations in the native species range (Cullingham et al 2006, 2008a, Root et al 2009, Hauver et al 2010, Santonastaso et al 2012. Four of the loci analysed in this study were also used to reveal the genetic diversity of raccoons in the native range.…”

Section: Mitochondrial Diversitysupporting

confidence: 79%

The genetic structure of raccoon introduced in Central Europe reflects multiple invasion pathways

et al. 2013

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Invasions of non-native species are of great concern as they have a devastating impact on native biodiversity and can also affect the economy of a region. Multiple introductions in several locations of a new range greatly promote the success of non-native species. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an omnivore whose native distribution extends from southern Canada to Panama. It has been successfully introduced in many European countries. We examined the microsatellite and mitochondrial diversity of raccoon populations in Central Europe (Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic) in order to determine their introduction sources and pathways as well as the factors affecting genetic structure in this invasive species. We found low diversity of the mtDNA control region and moderate diversity of microsatellite markers. Raccoon showed three hierarchic levels of genetic structure which separate at different levels sampled from Czech Republic, Germany and raccoon inhabiting two different habitats in Poland. In Poland the raccoon population was established through migration from Germany to Czech Republic. Analysis of the intensity of migration between two different habitat types indicated source-sink dynamics in the Polish populations of raccoons. Our results confirm the high intensity of the raccoon invasion in Central Europe and point to specific measures needed as part of an effective management strategy.

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“…Urbanization reduces gene flow in a variety of vertebrate species (e.g. lizards: Delaney et al 2010;salamanders: Noël and Lapointe 2010;frogs: Hitchings andBeebee 1997, Mikulíček andPišút 2012;birds: Delaney et al 2010;Björklund et al 2010, Unfried et al 2013and mammals: Epps et al 2005, Lee et al 2012, Munshi-South 2012, Santonastaso et al 2012, but the results vary in arthropod studies. For example, conflicting results have emerged from studies on beetles, with one species being greatly affected (Keller and Largiadèr 2003) but others showing no effect of urbanization on gene flow (Desender et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, among these studies, most have focused on vertebrate taxa (e.g. salamanders: Noël and Lapointe 2010;frogs: Hitchings andBeebee 1997, Mikulíček andPišút 2012;lizards: Delaney et al 2010;birds: Delaney et al 2010;Björklund et al 2010, Unfried et al 2013and mammals: Epps et al 2005, Lee et al 2012, MunshiSouth 2012, Santonastaso et al 2012. The general pattern emerging from these studies is that vertebrate populations in urban areas experience a reduction in gene flow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to arthropod conservation : landscape genetics, community assessment, and prediction of extinction risk.

Prescott¹

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Microsatellite analysis of raccoon (Procyon lotor) population structure across an extensive metropolitan landscape

Cited by 19 publications

References 53 publications

Wildlife Population Dynamics in Urban Landscapes

Wildlife Population Dynamics in Urban Landscapes

The genetic structure of raccoon introduced in Central Europe reflects multiple invasion pathways

Approaches to arthropod conservation : landscape genetics, community assessment, and prediction of extinction risk.

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