Changes in Þtness parameters as a function of colony size (one versus 10 aphids) were measured in two biotypes (RWA1 and RWA2) of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), feeding on three cultivars of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., at two temperatures. ÔTregoÕ is a cultivar with no speciÞc resistance to D. noxia, whereas, ÔStantonÕ and ÔHaltÕ express Dny and Dn4 resistance sources, respectively. Feeding in a group accelerated the development of RWA1 on Trego and Stanton at 20ЊC, but not at 24ЊC, whereas grouped RWA2 developed faster than solitary RWA2 on all three cultivars at 24ЊC, but not at 20ЊC. Survival (Þrst instarÐadult) of RWA2 also was improved by grouping on Stanton and Halt at 24ЊC, but solitary RWA2 survived better at 20ЊC on all three cultivars. The reproductive rate of RWA1 was improved by grouping on Trego and Stanton at both temperatures, but only on Halt at 24ЊC. Lifetime fecundity of RWA1 also was increased by grouping in all cases except for Trego at 20ЊC. Grouped development increased the reproductive rate of RWA2 on all three cultivars at 24ЊC, but had no effect at 20ЊC. Grouped RWA2 developed and reproduced faster than grouped RWA1 on all three cultivars at 24ЊC. Thus, the Þtness of D. noxia was positively correlated with group size during colony establishment, but the effects were sensitive to temperature, being more pronounced at 20ЊC for RWA1 and at 24ЊC for RWA2.