Microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy of the parabronchi, air sacs, and respiratory space of the budgerigar (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>)

Smith, Jerome H.; Meier, Judy L.; Lamke, Cheryl; Neill, P. J. G.; Box, Edith D.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001770208

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Only Abdalla and King (1975) point out the existence of a fifth dorsal furrow. The histological structure of the different bronchial types is basically in agreement with other previous studies (Chandra and Bharadwaj, 1971;Fernandez et al, 1972;Lopez et al, 1983Lopez et al, , 1986Smith et al, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anatomical study of the bronchial system and major blood vessels of the chicken lung (Gallus gallus) by means of a three‐dimensional scale model

1992

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The bronchial and vascular patterns of the chicken lung, from specimens age 8-10 days, have been studied by serial, paraffin sections of the whole organ. According to the histological structure, the bronchial system consists of three airway types: primary bronchus or mesobronchus, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi or parabronchi. The mesobronchus gives rise to three sets of secondary bronchi: four dorsomedial, four dorsal, and three lateral ones. The total number of secondary bronchi is 11, which is less than the number reported in adult birds by other authors until now. Nevertheless, the number and distribution of the major vessels, arteries and veins are in basic agreement with previous descriptions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anatomical study of the bronchial system and major blood vessels of the chicken lung (Gallus gallus) by means of a three‐dimensional scale model

1992

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“…Breathing frequency and, consequently, the frequency of oscillatory surface area changes is much higher in mice ( 100 to 250 breaths per minute ) compared to larger mammals like pig and man ( 8 to 18 per minute ) [ 33,34] . Interestingly, surfactant from avian lungs, which contain so-called ''air capillaries'' instead of alveoli and are ven tilated without cyclic changes of the gas-exchanging surface area [ 35,36] , only contain minute amounts of PC16:0/14:0 and PC16:0/16:1 ( unpublished data ). Hence, PC16:0/14:0 and PC16:0/16:1 may be important components for the dyn amics of mammalian surfactant, although their precise alveolar function has not been investigated in detail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

METABOLISM OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE MOLECULAR SPECIES IN cftrtm1HGU/tm1HGU MICE COMPARED TO MF-1 MICE

Bernhard¹,

Bertling²,

Dombrowsky³

et al. 2001

Experimental Lung Research

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In cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) mice, an animal model designed to study pathophysiologic alterations due to the CFTR defect found in cysticfibrosis, surfactant phospholipids of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are increased. To study the metabolical basis of such increases, we intraperitoneally injected cft(tm1HGU/tm1HGU) mice [methyl-3H]choline and measured [methyl-3H]choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species of lung tissue and BALF after 1.5 to 24 hours. MF1 and MF1 x cftr(tm1HGU/tm1HGU) hybrid mice served as controls. In tissue [methyl-3H]choline incorporation into total PC was constant for 24 hours and identical in control and cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) mice. However, from 7.5 to 24 hours there was a shift of [methyl-3H]choline incorporation from palmitoyloleoyl-PC and palmitoyllinoleoyl-PC towards PC species enriched in surfactant, dipalmitoyl-PC, palmitoylmyristoyl-PC, and palmitoylpalmitoleoyl-PC. The relative and absolute 3H-labels of PC species were identical for cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) compared to control mice. In BALF [methyl-3H]choline of total PC increased from 1.5 to 24 hours (R2 > .98), mainly due to [methyl-3H]choline-labelled dipalmitoyl-PC, in all experimental groups. In BALF from cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) mice, the [methyl-3H]choline label of total PC and individual PC species was significantly increased over control values after 24 hours, but not after 1.5 to 6 hours. Numbers and composition of BALF cells were not different between controls and cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) mice. We, conclude that increased alveolar phospholipid in cftr(tmIHGU/m1HGU) mice is likely due to decreased reuptake of surfactant.

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“…On the contrary, there is considerable controversy concerning the configuration of the avian respiratory epithelium and of the ultrastructure of the different epithelial cell types. The morphological similarity between the granular atrial cells in bird species with type II pneumocytes of the mammalian lung has been reported (Tyler and Pangborn, 1964;Lambson and Cohn, 1968;Akester, 1970;Smith et al, 1986). These authors suggested that the osmiophilic lamellar bodies are related to the production of the avian acellular lining layer covering not only the walls of the atria but also the surface of the infundibula and air capillaries.…”

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confidence: 89%

An electron microscopic study of the parabronchial epithelium in the mature lung of four bird species

et al. 1997

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Background: No integrated comprehensive description of the ultrastructure of the parabronchial epithelium is available. The origin, discharge, and occurrence of the trilaminar substance have not yet been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the main objectives were to classify the cell types of the parabronchial epithelium and to describe their role in manufacturing the trilaminar substance. Methods: Lung tissue of mature quail, domestic fowl, town pigeon, homing pigeon, and barn owl was subjected to standard processing for transmission electron microscopy, both after intratracheal inflation and intravascular perfusion. Results: The atrial epithelium is constituted by granular and squamous atrial cells. Granular cells (1) are confined to the atrial wall; they produce and discharge osmiophilic lamellar bodies. Squamous atrial cells (2) manufacture and discharge a trilaminar substance in sheets sandwiched between the long microvilli emerging from the apical cytoplasm. Their attenuating cell outgrowths overlap granular cells. At the bases of atria, they pass as intermediate squamous atrial cells to the infundibula, contacting the extensions of squamous respiratory cells. The squamous atrial cells undergo distinct structural variations depending on age and environment. Squamous respiratory cells (3) (cellulae squamosae) continuously line the air capillaries and neighboring infundibula. They constitute the epithelial compartment of the blood-gas barrier. The cell bodies extend long, very thin cell outgrowths. The apical surface is smooth and the basal part is invested with a very thin basement membrane. The trilaminar substance originates from granular and agranular endoplas-mic reticulum in the form of convoluted profiles which are discharged as an acellular lining layer on the air surface of squamous respiratory cells. Conclusions: Granular cells are analogous to the type II cells of mamma-lian pulmonary alveolus. Squamous atrial and respiratory cells, of a common embryonic origin, do not meet any counterpart in epithelial cell populations of lung terminal airways in vertebrates. The specific trilami-nar substance-lipoproteinaceous in nature-is a constant compound of atria and air capillaries. Anat.

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Microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy of the parabronchi, air sacs, and respiratory space of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Anatomical study of the bronchial system and major blood vessels of the chicken lung (Gallus gallus) by means of a three‐dimensional scale model

Anatomical study of the bronchial system and major blood vessels of the chicken lung (Gallus gallus) by means of a three‐dimensional scale model

METABOLISM OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE MOLECULAR SPECIES IN cftrtm1HGU/tm1HGU MICE COMPARED TO MF-1 MICE

An electron microscopic study of the parabronchial epithelium in the mature lung of four bird species

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