“…shows that the morphology is predominantly (atomic 90%) metal-based Fe-Cr solid solution, similar to the findings in the literature. 25,31,[51][52][53] In addition to Fe, Cr, C, and Mn, it is prominent from the XRD test in Figure 7(b) that FeC, Fe 2 C, Fe 3 C, Fe 5 C 2 , Fe 7 C 3 , Fe 19 Mn, Fe 1.8 Mn 1.2 C, CrC, Cr 3 C, Cr 3 C 2 , Cr 7 C 3 , Cr 23 C 6 , CrFe 4 , (Cr, Fe) 7 C 3 , Mn 3 C, Mn 23 C 6 , Mn 7 C 3 , Mn 1.8 Fe 1.2 C, Mn 5 C 2 , and CrFe 4 are formed in metastable sub-stoichiometric carbide structures called Fe and Cr alloy phases and the Mn-phase (M x C; here M: metal). The elements Fe, Cr, and Mn can easily form these carbides, as they have a strong affinity for element C. This can be seen in the secondary peaks associated with oxidized structures.…”