Microscopic Evaluation of Cement in Historic Mortar/Concrete at Old Nobiru Port Project

Ando, Yasuhisa; Hirono, Shinichi; Sawaki, Daisuke; Katayama, Tetsuya

doi:10.14250/cement.68.110

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Light microscopical examination of cement clinker is routinely used to monitor the operating kiln conditions and to evaluate the clinker quality since the pioneer work of Henri Le Chatelier and Alfred Elis Törnebohm in the late 19th century [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Beyond that, the phase assemblage and microstructure of unhydrated clinker grains in early cement mortars (see Figure 4) evidence the historical process mastering [22][23][24][25][26][27]. Differences and anomalies in crystal size, morphology, abundance, and distribution when compared to present-day clinker phases are in consequence of (the combination of) factors, like deficient homogenisation of the feedstock, slow heating and slow cooling rate, long residence time, etc., as early highly hydraulic binders were produced in an intermittently operated shaft kiln; the rotary kiln, as patented by Frederick Ransome in 1885, was introduced in continental Europe only at the beginning of the 20th century [22,28].…”

Section: Intensities Of Marker Bands Provide Access To Distributions mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Microspectroscopic Imaging of Binder Remnants in Historical Mortars Reveals Processing Conditions

Schmid

Dariz

2019

Heritage

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Binder remnants in historical mortars represent a record of the connection between the raw materials that enter the kiln, the process parameters, and the end product of the calcination. Raman microspectroscopy combines high structural sensitivity with micrometre to sub-micrometre spatial resolution and compatibility with conventional thin-sectional samples in an almost unique fashion, making it an interesting complementary extension of the existing methodological arsenal for mortar analysis. Raman spectra are vibrational fingerprints of crystalline and amorphous compounds, and contain marker bands that are specific for minerals and their polymorphic forms. Relative intensities of bands that are related to the same crystalline species change according to crystal orientations, and band shifts can be caused by the incorporation of foreign ions into crystal lattices, as well as stoichiometric changes within solid solution series. Finally, variations in crystallinity affect band widths. These effects are demonstrated based on the analysis of three historical mortar samples: micrometric distribution maps of phases and polymorphs, crystal orientations, and compositional variations of solid solution series of unreacted clinker grains in the Portland cement mortars of two 19th century castings, and the crystallinities of thermal anhydrite clusters in a high-fired medieval gypsum mortar as a measure for the applied burning temperature were successfully acquired.

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Section: Intensities Of Marker Bands Provide Access To Distributions mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Microspectroscopic Imaging of Binder Remnants in Historical Mortars Reveals Processing Conditions

Schmid

Dariz

2019

Heritage

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“…Belite reveals a diversity of crystal forms and textures. Besides typical, rounded crystals, frequently forming large clusters, atypical, elongated, or wedge-like [30,31] shapes could be observed as well. Rounded crystals, usually of a dozen or so µm in size, or their clusters, up to 100 µm, show polysynthetic twinning, exhibiting one set of parallel lamellae, typical for the type II C 2 S (β C 2 S) [32], as shown in Figure 4c,d.…”

Section: Bright Cement Render At Limestone Blocks Above the Pavement Levelmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cement Render and Mortar and Their Damages Due to Salt Crystallization in the Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans Monastery in Cracow, Poland

2020

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The investigations focused on the façade of the 17th-century Myszkowskis chapel at the 13th-century Church of the Holy Trinity in Cracow, Poland. Most of the chapel’s façade is made of rusticated limestone blocks, but its lower part is covered with cement render, and the basement consists of irregular pieces of limestone and sandstone, bound and partly replaced with cement mortar. The façade exhibited clearly visible damages: gray soiling of the surface, cracks, scaling, and efflorescence. The study presents characteristics of the cement render and mortar used for stone repair and/or substitution, as well as efflorescence from the lower part of the Myszkowskis chapel façade. The materials were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman microspectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The analyses demonstrated that the render covering some of the decayed limestone blocks was prepared using Portland cement (residual clinker grains represent alite and belite) as a binding agent, mixed with crushed stone as an aggregate. The cement mortar consisted of rounded quartz grains, rock fragments, and feldspars in very fine-grained masses of calcite and gypsum, also containing relics of cement clinker (alite, belite, ferrite, and aluminate). All these components point out the use of the ordinary Portland cement. Analyses of the efflorescence allowed us to distinguish several secondary salts, among others, thenardite, aphthitalite, and darapskite. The appearance of these phases is related to the composition and physicochemical properties of the building materials, atmospheric alteration agents, air pollution, and some other anthropogenic factors.

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船頭平閘門に使用されたモルタルの岩石学的評価と長期耐久性

HONGO,

ANDO,

OTSUBO

et al. 2024

Cement Science and Concrete Technology

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Microscopic Evaluation of Cement in Historic Mortar/Concrete at Old Nobiru Port Project

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Raman Microspectroscopic Imaging of Binder Remnants in Historical Mortars Reveals Processing Conditions

Raman Microspectroscopic Imaging of Binder Remnants in Historical Mortars Reveals Processing Conditions

Cement Render and Mortar and Their Damages Due to Salt Crystallization in the Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans Monastery in Cracow, Poland

船頭平閘門に使用されたモルタルの岩石学的評価と長期耐久性

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