Microscopical and ‌‌‌Chemical Analyses of the Coelomic Fluid and the Coelomocytes Extracted from the Sea Biscuits “Clypeaster humilis”.

Abstract

UltrastructureEchinoderms received great attention in various scientific applications due to their unusual regenerative characteristics. Clypeaster humilis is the animal of choice in this study. Most of the published scientific research papers are concerned with the morphology of the animal, larvae and internal organs; nothing dealt with the cellular or chemical constituents of the animal coelomic fluid. Although the coelomic fluid (haemocoel) represents a vital component filled with many important constituents, few publications were published concerning this issue. Clypeaster humilis is also known as sea biscuits/sand dollars. This invertebrate animal was collected from Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt. This study brings new knowledge of recording and documenting the obtained scientific data concerned with one of the poorly-studied phyla of the Egyptian fauna. The coelomic fluid of the sand dollar was chemically analyzed, and the obtained data revealed the presence of glycogen synthase kinase3-β protein by protein docking, which is essential for wound healing. In addition, the ultrastructural investigations detected two types of cells; namely, young and mature coelomocytes, and the latter is divided into secretory granular and secretory mucous cells, respectively. The coelomic fluid extracted from C. humilis exhibits glycogen synthase kinase3-β protein, which could be a promising constituent for many medicinal applications including wound healing in diabetics. All coelomocytes are differentiated from the young or progenitor coelomocytes, which then might harbor different secretory materials and turned into secretory granular and secretory mucous coelomocytes.

Seven-Arms Starfish “Luidia maculata” Characteristics of Coelomocytes and Promising GSK3-β Protein for Wound Healing: Cellular and Chemical Analyses

“…There is no doubt that echinoderms showed high regenerative properties of their amputated parts. Most bioactive materials were extracted from the echinoderms' dried bodies (Kawatake et al, 1997(Kawatake et al, , 1999(Kawatake et al, , 2002(Kawatake et al, , 2004Inagaki et al, 2006;Higuchi et al, 2007;Dai et al, 2016;Khalil et al, 2022), except few published articles that addressed the coelomic extract (Soleimani et al, 2021;Abdel-Ghaffar & Youssef, 2022;Abdel-Ghaffar et al, 2022). The bioactive materials of certain starfish were extracted, and the authors investigated their effect on the wound healing of zebrafish; the end result of this trial was highlypromising (Dai et al, 2016).…”

“…The preparation of the starfish coelomic fluid (CF) was performed by applying the same procedure described in the study of Baveja et al (2018Baveja et al ( , 2019; additional lengthy details were published by Abdel-Ghaffar and Youssef (2022). After centrifugation of the coelomic fluid, a pellet of cells was formed and prepared for microscopical examination.…”

Sea Cucumber “Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola” induced-autotomy for sustainable development in Egypt: Histological, Ultrastructure, and Chemical studies.

“…The preparation of the sea cucumber -Holothuria arenicola‖ coelomic fluid (CF) was done by applying the same procedure described by Baveja et al (2018 and 2019); additional details were published by Abdel-Ghaffar and Youssef (2022). After centrifugation; the pellet was prepared for microscopical examination, and the supernatant that represents the acellular part was prepared for GC/MS application and protein docking.…”