Microseira wollei and Phormidium algae more than doubles DBP concentrations and calculated toxicity in drinking water

Assessing the Health Impact of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

“…To assess the toxicity level of each DBP, researchers have utilized various methods such as in vivo and in vitro bioassays as well as epidemiologic studies and quantitative structure–activity relationship techniques . The findings from these studies indicate that exposure to DBPs through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation can result in significant health risks, including genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. ,,− ,,,− Genotoxicity refers to the ability of a substance to damage DNA, which can result in mutations and increase the risk of cancer. Cytotoxicity, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a substance to harm or kill cells, which can lead to tissue damage and organ failure.…”

Algal organic matter as a disinfection by-product precursor during chlor(am)ination: a critical review

“…Selected studies reported DBP formation from AOM of different algae species, including Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Asterionella formosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sp., Dolichospermum circinale; Microcystis aeruginosa, Melosira sp., Microseira wollei, Nitzschia palea, Phormidium, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Scenedesmus subspicatus. 35,43,45,54,58 The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa was studied in 15 of 19 selected studies (Table 1) and is abundant in algae blooms worldwide. 9 However, other species and their combinations deserve more attention, since they also contribute significantly to bloom events, such as Coelastrum sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Eudorina elegans, Fragilaria sp., Microcystis flos-aquae, and Microcystis panniformis.…”

Low Parts Per Trillion Detection of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Urine using Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction and GC–MS/MS

“…Disinfection is critical in reducing the impact of water-borne pathogens in drinking water . However, chemical disinfection creates other public health issues through the unintended formation of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) by the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter (NOM), algal organic matter, or organic pollutants. − DBPs are associated with increased bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, miscarriage and birth defects. − Eleven DBPs, four trihalomethanes, five haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite, are currently regulated in the U.S . However, research shows that these are not the main DBP drivers of toxicity in drinking water. , Unregulated DBPs are often far more toxic than their regulated counterparts, with iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs) being more toxic than their brominated analogues, which are far more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. , Formation of I-DBPs during water treatment is affected by iodide levels in the source water and by the choice of chemical disinfectant. , For example, using chloramine as the primary disinfectant produces higher levels of I-DBPs compared to chlorine. − Competing reactions to form iodite and iodate proceed slower with monochloramine compared to chlorine, which causes increased formation of iodo-DBPs during chloramination …”