Microsporidian Biochemistry and Physiology

Williams, Bryony A. P.; Dolgikh, Viacheslav V.; Sokolova, Yuliya Y.

doi:10.1002/9781118395264.ch9

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Compared to mitochondria the mitosomes are morphologically smaller, lack cristae, and lack their own DNA (making them completely reliant on importing nuclear encoded proteins for their functions and organelle maintenance) (Burri et al, 2006;Hans-Peter Braun, 2009;Tachezy, 2019). Microsporidian mitosomes have lost their capacity for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation, even though they can use glycolysis for energy generation, but this pathway, while active in spores, appears to not be active during the stage of intracellular growth and replication inside of host cytosol (Dolgikh et al, 2011;Heinz et al, 2012;Williams et al, 2014). Microsporidia can use glycolysis for energy generation, but this pathway, while active in spores, appears to not be active during the stage of intracellular growth and replication inside of the host cytosol (Dolgikh et al, 2011;Heinz et al, 2012;Williams et al, 2014).…”

Section: Observations On the Sporoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microsporidian mitosomes have lost their capacity for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation, even though they can use glycolysis for energy generation, but this pathway, while active in spores, appears to not be active during the stage of intracellular growth and replication inside of host cytosol (Dolgikh et al, 2011;Heinz et al, 2012;Williams et al, 2014). Microsporidia can use glycolysis for energy generation, but this pathway, while active in spores, appears to not be active during the stage of intracellular growth and replication inside of the host cytosol (Dolgikh et al, 2011;Heinz et al, 2012;Williams et al, 2014). Thus, microsporidia depend on their host cells for energy and mitochondria accumulate around the microsporidia [this is clearly observable in Encephalitozoonidae residing in a parasitophorous vacuole within their host cells (Han et al, 2019)].…”

Section: Observations On the Sporoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia

2020

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Microsporidia are found worldwide and both vertebrates and invertebrates can serve as hosts for these organisms. While microsporidiosis in humans can occur in both immune competent and immune compromised hosts, it has most often been seen in the immune suppressed population, e.g., patients with advanced HIV infection, patients who have had organ transplantation, those undergoing chemotherapy, or patients using other immune suppressive agents. Infection can be associated with either focal infection in a specific organ (e.g., keratoconjunctivitis, cerebritis, or hepatitis) or with disseminated disease. The most common presentation of microsporidiosis being gastrointestinal infection with chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome. In the setting of advanced HIV infection or other cases of profound immune deficiency microsporidiosis can be extremely debilitating and carries a significant mortality risk. Microsporidia are transmitted as spores which invade host cells by a specialized invasion apparatus the polar tube (PT). This review summarizes recent studies that have provided information on the composition of the spore wall and PT, as well as insights into the mechanism of invasion and interaction of the PT and spore wall with host cells during infection.

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Section: Observations On the Sporoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observations On the Sporoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia

2020

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“…Previous studies have shown that Microsporidia lack the genes needed to make primary metabolites including nucleotides, and that they have a limited capacity to make their own energy (Dean et al, 2016; Williams et al, 2014). This raises the question of how these intracellular parasites obtain the enormous amounts of ATP and other nucleotides that they need to support their rapid growth and replication.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the organelle level, reduction is dramatically illustrated by their minimal mitochondria (called mitosomes) which have lost the organelle genome and the capacity to generate ATP (Freibert et al, 2017; Goldberg et al, 2008; Williams et al, 2002). While glycolysis is conserved in some, but not all (Wiredu Boakye et al, 2017) Microsporidia, it appears to be mainly active in spores and is not used during intracellular growth and replication (Dolgikh et al, 2011; Heinz et al, 2012; Williams et al, 2014). The loss of indigenous pathways for making ATP and nucleotides means that Microsporidia are now entirely dependent upon the host cells they infect for the energy, cofactors and nucleic acid building blocks that they need to complete their life cycle (Dean et al, 2016; Nakjang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new family of cell surface located purine transporters in Microsporidia and related fungal endoparasites

Major

Sendra

Dean

et al. 2019

eLife

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Plasma membrane-located transport proteins are key adaptations for obligate intracellular Microsporidia parasites, because they can use them to steal host metabolites the parasites need to grow and replicate. However, despite their importance, the functions and substrate specificities of most Microsporidia transporters are unknown. Here, we provide functional data for a family of transporters conserved in all microsporidian genomes and also in the genomes of related endoparasites. The universal retention among otherwise highly reduced genomes indicates an important role for these transporters for intracellular parasites. Using Trachipleistophora hominis, a Microsporidia isolated from an HIV/AIDS patient, as our experimental model, we show that the proteins are ATP and GTP transporters located on the surface of parasites during their intracellular growth and replication. Our work identifies a new route for the acquisition of essential energy and nucleotides for a major group of intracellular parasites that infect most animal species including humans.

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“…Manipulation of the host cell cycle including induction of multinucleate syncytia formation is quite common for microsporidia (Williams et al. ). For example, Schroedera airthreyi parasitizing freshwater bryozoan Plumatella sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Microsporidian Infection in Phoronids (Phylum Phoronida): Microsporidium phoronidi n. sp. from a Phoronis embryolabi

Temereva

Sokolova

2017

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Microsporidia-like spores (2.0-3.0 × 1.3-1.5 μm) were discovered upon examination of histological sections taken from Phoronis embryolabi Temereva, Chichvarkhin 2017 found inhabiting burrows of shrimps Nihonotrypeae japonica (Decapoda, Callianassidae) from the Sea of Japan, Russia. Ultrastructural examination of spores revealed one nucleus and a uniform polar filament of 7-11 coils. Representatives of the phylum Phoronida have never been recorded as hosts of microsporidia. Parasites developed in vasoperitoneal tissue and caused formation of multinucleate syncytia. Basing on unique host and fine morphology, we assign the novel finding to Microsporidium phoronidi n. sp. and place provisionally in the collective genus Microsporidium.

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Microsporidian Biochemistry and Physiology

Cited by 21 publications

References 103 publications

Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia

Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia

A new family of cell surface located purine transporters in Microsporidia and related fungal endoparasites

A Microsporidian Infection in Phoronids (Phylum Phoronida): Microsporidium phoronidi n. sp. from a Phoronis embryolabi

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