Microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) spores are inactivated in 1 min at 75 °C

Munkongwongsiri, Natthinee; Aldama-Cano, Diva January; Suebsing, Rungkarn; Thaiue, Dararat; Prasartset, Tharinthon; Itsathitphaisarn, Ornchuma; Sritunyalucksana, Kallaya

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736178

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A previous study found that in vivo polar tube germination was a prerequisite for the initiation of EHP infection 17 , and we further found that the process occurred in shrimp HP and intestine. The EhPTP2 protein was also found to be abundant in a polar tube portion which may participate in the polar tube extrusion process.…”

Section: The Suppression Of Ehptp2 Expression By a Speci C Dsrna Resu...supporting

confidence: 75%

“…Following the con rmation that EHP spore extrusion was essential for EHP infection in shrimp 17 , a proteomic analysis of extruded spores was performed to pinpoint the critical proteins responsible for the spore extrusion process. From the extruded spore extract, approximately 450 proteins were identi ed (see BlastP results in supplementary le 1).…”

Section: Ehp Polar Tube Protein 2 (Ehptp2) Detection In Protein Extra...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shrimp injection with dsRNA targeting the microsporidian EHP polar tube protein reduces internal and external parasite amplification

Yaunlae,

Prasartset,

Reamthong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a major threat to shrimp health worldwide. Severe EHP infections in shrimp cause growth retardation and increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections. EHP produces spores with a chitin wall that enables them to survive prolonged environmental exposure. Previous studies showed that polar tube extrusion is a prerequisite for EHP infection, such that inhibiting extrusion should prevent infection. Using a proteomic approach, polar tube protein 2 of EHP (EhPTP2) was found abundantly in protein extracts obtained from extruded spores. Using an immunofluorescent antibody against EhPTP2 for immunohistochemistry, extruded spores were found in the shrimp hepatopancreas (HP) and intestine, but not in the stomach. We hypothesized that presence of EhPTP2 might be required for successful EHP spore extrusion. To test this hypothesis, we injected EhPTP2- specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and found that it significantly diminished EHP copy numbers in infected shrimp. This indicated reduced amplification of EHP-infected cells in the HP by spores released from previously infected cells. In addition, injection of the dsRNA into EHP-infected shrimp prior to their use in cohabitation with naïve shrimp significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the rate of EHP transmission to naïve shrimp. The results revealed that EhPTP2 plays a crucial role in the life cycle of EHP and that dsRNA targeting EHP mRNA can effectively reach the parasite developing in host cells. This approach is a model for future investigations to identify critical genes for EHP survival and spread as potential targets for preventative and therapeutic measures in shrimp.

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Section: The Suppression Of Ehptp2 Expression By a Speci C Dsrna Resu...supporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Ehp Polar Tube Protein 2 (Ehptp2) Detection In Protein Extra...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shrimp injection with dsRNA targeting the microsporidian EHP polar tube protein reduces internal and external parasite amplification

Yaunlae,

Prasartset,

Reamthong

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Biosecurity risk evaluation of aquafeeds by means of PCR remains a widespread practice in the aquaculture industry. PCR could produce positive results even if there are no viable infective agents in the feed samples tested (Munkongwongsiri et al, 2021). Therefore, using PCR for testing feeds for infective agents is not considered accurate.…”

Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess the welfare status of the farmed animals, "operational welfare indicators (OWIs)" are useful practical tools (Flores-García et al, 2022;Noble et al, 2018;Segner et al, 2012). Usually, no single indicators are used, but a series of parameters are measured and integrated.…”

Section: Fish Welfarementioning

confidence: 99%

Biosecurity: Reducing the burden of disease

Subasinghe¹,

Alday-Sanz²,

Bondad‐Reantaso

et al. 2023

J World Aquaculture Soc

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The challenges and problems of managing good biosecurity are wide‐ranging and multifactorial with many compounding factors to pre‐dispose farmed stocks to an increased risk of infection with consequential stock losses. Many challenges are anthropogenic in origin and may be the result of the physical location (site) and/or the poor design of the production facility (i.e., water re‐use; lack of zoning based on biosecurity risk, etc.) as well as from inappropriate decisions and practices made once the site is in production (i.e., pushing the system for increased biomass production). There is a need for better regulation and health legislation across aquaculture—an industry that embraces the culture of >500 species. In the absence of regulatory frameworks and culture guidelines, it is difficult for farmers to apply certain measures such as maximum stocking densities and maximum allowed biomass, conduct disease surveillance and regular health checks, and report diseases to relevant authorities for advice. In this review, we have identified several issues which are continuing to challenge the design and implementation of efficient and effective biosecurity strategies and protocols at all levels, requiring attention over the coming decade. They are, not in any order of priority: (a) healthy seed, (b) emergency preparedness and response, (c) diagnostics, (d) microbial management at the production level, (e) disease and pathogen surveillance, (f) trade in aquatic species, (g) policies and regulatory framework, (h) welfare, (i) research and technology development, (j) antimicrobial resistance, (k) non‐conventional ways of pathogen transfer, and (l) Progressive Management Pathway.

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“…Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis has now been reported in Thailand, Vietnam, India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Venezuela and has kept spreading to other countries where shrimp culture takes place 5 . Presently, EHP is considered one of the major threats to shrimp culture 6 and is imposing major limitations to shrimp farming across Asia 5 , 7 . Since sanitary measures around the world have historically failed to contain the spread of pathogens in shrimp farming 8 and only a few functional therapeutic methods are available to treat crustacean diseases 9 , researchers have focused their efforts on exploring novel alternatives to prevent diseases in shrimp including the modulation of the host-microbiome 10 , 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

López‐Carvallo

Cruz‐Flores

Dhar

2022

Sci Rep

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The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen that causes substantial economic losses in shrimp (Penaeus spp.) aquaculture worldwide. To prevent diseases in shrimp, the manipulation of the gut microbiota has been suggested. However, prior knowledge of the host-microbiome is necessary. We assessed the modulation of the microbiome (bacteria/fungi) and its predicted functions over the course of disease progression in shrimp experimentally challenged with EHP for 30 days using high throughput 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Infection grade was assessed for the first time by quantitative digital histopathology. According to the infection intensity, three disease-stages (early/developmental/late) were registered. During the early-stage, EHP was not consistently detected, and a high diversity of potentially beneficial microorganisms related to nutrient assimilation were found. In the development-stage, most of the shrimp start to register a high infection intensity related to a decrease in beneficial microorganisms and an increase in opportunistic/pathogenic fungi. During late-stage, animals displayed different infection intensities, showed a displacement of beneficial microorganisms by opportunistic/pathogenic bacteria and fungi related to pathogen infection processes and depletion of energetic reserves. The degenerative cyclic pattern of EHP infection and its effects on beneficial microorganisms and beneficial functions of the shrimp hepatopancreas microbiome are discussed.

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Microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) spores are inactivated in 1 min at 75 °C

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Shrimp injection with dsRNA targeting the microsporidian EHP polar tube protein reduces internal and external parasite amplification

Shrimp injection with dsRNA targeting the microsporidian EHP polar tube protein reduces internal and external parasite amplification

Biosecurity: Reducing the burden of disease

The emerging pathogen Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei drives a degenerative cyclic pattern in the hepatopancreas microbiome of the shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

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