Microsporidian Pathogens of Aquatic Animals

Bojko, Jamie; Stentiford, Grant D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_10

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…These features remain important, but molecular and genomic technologies are rapidly providing evidence to revise microsporidian systematics and ecological affiliations, becoming the gold standard for species identification and broader phylogenetic placement [1,3]. With these tools, we are beginning to unravel a more complete picture of microsporidian diversity and the role of microsporidians in ecological systems, including the indirect impacts of infection on host populations and their ecosystem services [4,5].…”

Section: Taxonomic and Evolutionary History Across The Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Microsporidia are classified within the Opisthosporidia (Eukaryota: Opisthokonta) [6,7]. Early work using the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene for a large number of species to determine microsporidian phylogenies identified three environmentally defined groups (Aquasporidia, Marinosporidia, and Terresporidia), which were originally classified into five genetically distinct clades, sometimes referenced using Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, V) and sometimes with Arabic numerals (1,2,3,4,5) [8]henceforth, we use Arabic numerals when referring to the cladebased taxonomy. Recently, multiple phylogenetic studies involving the long-and short-branch Microsporidia (including 'Cryptomycota') suggested an alternative configuration of clade numbers [9,10], supported additional smaller clades or 'orphan' lineages [11,12], and presented a somewhat different configuration of the main five well-supported 'clades' (1, 3, 4a, 4b, 5) [12].…”

Section: Taxonomic and Evolutionary History Across The Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global diversity of microsporidians is only a small part of their story. These parasites play important roles in ecological systems [4,5]. Over evolutionary time they have undergone extensive evolutionary reduction of their genomes and proteomes, resulting in metabolic dependence upon their hosts [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis

Bojko

Reinke

Stentiford

et al. 2022

Trends in Parasitology

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Section: Taxonomic and Evolutionary History Across The Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic and Evolutionary History Across The Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis

Bojko

Reinke

Stentiford

et al. 2022

Trends in Parasitology

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“…It is suggested that EHP infection could make the shrimp weaken. Hence, they are more susceptible to other diseases [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune signaling of Litopenaeus vannamei c-type lysozyme and its role during microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection

Sangklai,

Supungul,

Jaroenlak

et al. 2024

PLoS Pathog

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The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a fungi-related, spore-forming parasite. EHP infection causes growth retardation and size variation in shrimp, resulting in severe economic losses. Studies on shrimp immune response have shown that several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were upregulated upon EHP infection. Among those highly upregulated AMPs is c-type lysozyme (LvLyz-c). However, the immune signaling pathway responsible for LvLyz-c production in shrimp as well as its function against the EHP infection are still poorly understood. Here, we characterized major shrimp immune signaling pathways and found that Toll and JAK/STAT pathways were up-regulated upon EHP infection. Knocking down of a Domeless (DOME) receptor in the JAK/STAT pathways resulted in a significant reduction of the LvLyz-c and the elevation of EHP copy number. We further elucidated the function of LvLyz-c by heterologously expressing a recombinant LvLyz-c (rLvLyz-c) in an Escherichia coli. rLvLyz-c exhibited antibacterial activity against several bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Interestingly, we found an antifungal activity of rLvLyz-c against Candida albican, which led us to further investigate the effects of rLvLyz-c on EHP spores. Incubation of the EHP spores with rLvLyz-c followed by a chitin staining showed that the signals were dramatically decreased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that rLvLyz-c possibly digest a chitin coat on the EHP spores. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that an endospore layer, which is composed mainly of chitin, was digested by rLvLyz-c. Lastly, we observed that EHP spores that were treated with rLvLyz-c showed a significant reduction of the spore germination rate. We hypothesize that thinning of the endospore of EHP would result in altered permeability, hence affecting spore germination. This work provides insights into shrimp immune signaling pathways responsible for LvLyz-c production and its anti-EHP property. This knowledge will serve as important foundations for developing EHP control strategies.

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“…Microsporidia are eukaryotic, obligately intracellular, spore-forming parasites [1], with a broad range of hosts including protozoans, arthropods and vertebrates [2][3][4][5]. They were first discovered in 1857 as the cause of a disease known as "pébrine" in silkworms (Bombyx mori, Lepidoptera) which had decimated the silk industry from France to China [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyploidy is widespread in Microsporidia

Khalaf,

Jaron,

Blaxter

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites with an extremely broad host range. They have both economic and public health importance. Ploidy in microsporidia is variable, with a few species formally identified as diploid and one as polyploid. Given the increase in the number of studies sequencing microsporidian genomes, it is now possible to assess ploidy levels across all currently-explored microsporidian diversity. We estimate ploidy for all microsporidian datasets available on the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) using k-mer-based analyses, and demonstrate that polyploidy is widespread in Microsporidia, and that ploidy change is dynamic in the group. Using genome-wide heterozygosity estimates, we also show that polyploid microsporidian genomes are relatively homozygous, and we discuss the implications of these findings on the timing of polyploidisation events and their origin.Author SummaryMicrosporidia are single-celled intracellular parasites, distantly related to fungi, that can infect a broad range of hosts, from humans all the way to protozoans. Exploiting the wealth of microsporidian genomic data available, we use k-mer based analyses to assess ploidy status across the group. Understanding a genome’s ploidy is crucial in order to assemble it effectively, and may also be relevant for better understanding a parasite’s behaviour and life cycle. We show that tetraploidy is present in at least six species in Microsporidia, and that these polyploidisation events are likely to have occurred independently. We discuss why these findings may be paradoxical, given that Microsporidia, like other intracellular parasites, have extremely small, reduced genomes.

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Microsporidian Pathogens of Aquatic Animals

Cited by 12 publications

References 187 publications

Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis

Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis

Immune signaling of Litopenaeus vannamei c-type lysozyme and its role during microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection

Polyploidy is widespread in Microsporidia

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