Microsporogenesis and Flower Bud Blasting as Affected by High Temperature and Gibberellic Acid in Cymbidium(Orchidaceae).

Roles of Floral Organs and Phytohormones in Flower Stalk Elongation of Cymbidium(Orchidaceae).

“…Cymbidium orchids grown under high temperatures during the early stages of flower development are damaged by blasting of flower buds (8,9,10). This physiological disorder is characterized by poor flower bud development and reduced elongation of flower stalks.…”

Anatomical Characterization of Flower-bud Blasting and Suppression Following Hormone Application in Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.

“…They also promote the expression of the flower meristem identity gene LEAFY, which directly activates genes including stamen and carpel identity genes (Blazquez and Weigel, 2000;Busch et al, 1999;Parcy et al, 1998). In addition, exogenous GA modulates flower development in various plants (Demunk and Gijzenberg, 1977;Ohno, 1991;Zhang et al, 2008;Zieslin et al, 1977). In light of these findings and our analysis, GA-mediated promotion of flower development appears to be conserved in Eustoma.…”

“…Flower-bud blasting studies in diverse plant species have predicted that flower-bud blasting is caused by low levels of assimilate as an energy source (Aloni et al, 1997;Fudano et al, 2009;Fukai et al, 1981;Ohno, 1991;Vonk and Ribot, 1982). A possible explanation for the slight effect of branch removal in this study is that not only absolute amounts of assimilates in flower buds but also those in the whole plants which have not been exploited in vegetative organs may act as a signal that controls flower development.…”

“…Hormonal changes may also be associated with flower-bud blasting, such as smaller amounts of cytokinin and larger amount of abscisic acid in Iris (Vonk and Ribot, 1982;Vonk et al, 1986). Exogenous gibberellin and cytokinin treatment results in the decreased occurrence of flower-bud blasting in tulip and Cymbidium (Demunk and Gijzenberg, 1977;Ohno, 1991), suggesting that blasting is induced by the factors related to hormone biosynthesis in tulip and Cymbidium. Kernel abortion in maize, however, is apparently not initiated by a hormone signal, as a reduction in hormones is observed only after abortion occurs (Reed and Singletary, 1989).…”

“…Another factor, photoassimilation, seems to be associated with flower-bud blasting among various species (Chrysanthemun, Cymbidium, Iris, Lathyrus odoratus; Fudano et al, 2009;Fukai et al, 1981;Ohno, 1991;Vonk and Ribot, 1982). In the pepper, flower-bud blasting appears to be caused by the low accumulation of assimilates in the floral bud (Aloni et al, 1997).…”