Microstructural development during solidification of stainless steel alloys

Elmer, J. W.; Allen, Samuel M.; Eagar, T. W.

doi:10.1007/bf02650298

Cited by 454 publications

(188 citation statements)

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“…Conversely, the microstructure at the position closer to the 2205 stainless steel was improved and additionally subtle than the initial dual phase assembly of the 2205 SS. A superior cooling rate is considered responsible for this behavior in laser welding [39,62,63]. Figure 10b showed the microstructures in the fusion zone (FZ), and at the boundary between the FZ and the base metals (point "b" in Figure 9).…”

Section: Metallography and Visual Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Laser Welding of Dissimilar 2205/304 Stainless Steel Plates

Mohammed

Ishak

Ahmad

et al. 2017

Metals

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Abstract:In this study, an attempt on pulsed-fiber laser welding on an austenitic-duplex stainless steel butt joint configuration was investigated. The influence of various welding parameters, such as beam diameter, peak power, pulse repetition rate, and pulse width on the weld beads geometry was studied by checking the width and depth of the welds after each round of welding parameters combination. The weld bead dimensions and microstructural progression of the weld joints were observed microscopically. Finally, the full penetration specimens were subjected to tensile tests, which were coupled with the analysis of the fracture surfaces. From the results, combination of the selected weld parameters resulted in robust weldments with similar features to those of duplex and austenitic weld metals. The weld depth and width were found to increase proportionally to the laser power. Furthermore, the weld bead geometry was found to be positively affected by the pulse width. Microstructural studies revealed the presence of dendritic and fine grain structures within the weld zone at low peak power, while ferritic microstructures were found on the sides of the weld metal near the SS 304 and austenitic-ferritic microstructure beside the duplex 2205 boundary. Regarding the micro-hardness tests, there was an improvement when compared to the hardness of duplex and austenitic stainless steels base metals. Additionally, the tensile strength of the fiber laser welded joints was found to be higher when compared to the tensile strength of the base metals (duplex and austenitic) in all of the joints.

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Section: Metallography and Visual Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Laser Welding of Dissimilar 2205/304 Stainless Steel Plates

Mohammed

Ishak

Ahmad

et al. 2017

Metals

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“…In the case of stainless steel coatings, this seems to be necessary because it has been shown before that the high cooling rate during solidification alters the microstructures and phases of stainless steel weld deposits [9][10][11]. In other words, rapid solidification of stainless steels may produce deposits with properties different from those observed during conventional solidification which can strongly affect the final mechanical, chemical and technological characteristics of stainless steel deposited coatings [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of cladding speed on phase constitution and properties of AISI 431 stainless steel laser deposited coatings

Hemmati

Ocelík

Hosson

2011

Surface and Coatings Technology

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The effect of cladding speed on phase constitution and properties of AISI 431 stainless steel laser deposited coatings Hemmati, I.; Ocelik, V.; De Hosson, J. Th. M. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Shorter processing time has given impetus to laser cladding technology and therefore in this research the AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel coatings are laser deposited at high cladding speeds, i.e. up to 117 mm/s. The analysis of phase constitution and functional properties of the coatings are performed by optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and hardness and sliding wear tests. The outcome of this research shows that an extreme refinement of the solidification structure will influence the phase constitution of the coatings by lowering the M s temperature and hence stabilizing the austenite which results in lower hardness values and increased wear rates. These results confirm that the structural refinement obtained by higher cladding speeds is not helpful for improving the hardness and wear properties of laser deposited martensitic stainless steel coatings.

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“…in stainless steels, the solidification path near the Fe-rich corner of the ternary system has been extensively studied by many researchers. 6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Except for a relatively low Cr and Ni region where a peritectic reaction (Lϩd→g) takes place, a wide compositional range of FeCr-Ni alloys solidify in a eutectic manner (L→dϩg), 8,10,12) with a primary phase formed from the liquid first being d…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, as a result of a specific solidification path along which an alloy undergoes, significant partitioning of alloying elements take place. 6,8,9,11,[13][14][15]17,18) Numerous papers have been published on morphology and characterization of sulfides in steel. Among sulfides, manganese sulfide (MnS) is commonly observed and utilized in steel, especially in free machining grades, and extensive studies have been devoted to understanding the formation of MnS.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Alloy Solidification Path on Sulfide Formation in Fe–Cr–Ni Alloys

et al. 2009

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Solidification and sulfide precipitation in Fe-Cr-Ni alloys were investigated. Five samples containing 0.3 wt% S and 1.5 wt% Mn were investigated and each sample chemistry was adjusted to solidify as primary austenite, primary ferrite or eutectic by tailoring the Cr and Ni contents. 355© 2009 ISIJ or g, depending on the balance between Cr and Ni contents. In the 70wt%Fe-Cr-Ni system, if Ni content is less than 10-12 wt%, the alloy will encounter the d-liquidus first and begin to form d phase when it is cooled down from the liquid state, while if Ni content exceeds 10-12 wt% it will solidify as g phase first after passing the g-liquidus during cooling. 8,10,16) At this stage of solidification, the partition of Fe, Cr and Ni between the liquid and the primary solid phase is dependent on the slope of liquidus surface; i.e., the primary solid phase is rich in Fe and the remained liquid is rich in Cr and Ni. 6,8,15) In the region where Ni content lies between 10-12 wt%, the remaining liquid undergoes a eutectic reaction at the latter stage of solidification where the three phases coexist. When the liquid composition reaches a eutectic valley, partitions of solute elements in d and g phases will occur through eutectic reaction; i.e., d phase is rich in Cr and g phase rich in Ni. In summary, as a result of a specific solidification path along which an alloy undergoes, significant partitioning of alloying elements take place. 6,8,9,11,[13][14][15]17,18) Numerous papers have been published on morphology and characterization of sulfides in steel. Among sulfides, manganese sulfide (MnS) is commonly observed and utilized in steel, especially in free machining grades, and extensive studies have been devoted to understanding the formation of MnS.19-25) When S content is small (e.g., less than 1 wt%), MnS will form either in a monotectic or a eutectic manner during solidification, depending on the amounts of other alloying elements such as C, Si and Al. 20,22) Although these elements are not constituents of sulfides, they can switch the formation process of MnS from monotectic to eutectic reaction by lowering melting temperature of the metal matrix or supplying nucleation sites for MnS, which results in the change in morphology of sulfides. 20,22) Besides this change in sulfide morphology potentially caused by these elements, solidification structures, d, g, or the mixture of d and g, can influence the sulfide morphology as well as distribution and composition because partitions of S and sulfide forming elements vary from phase to phase which has a specific solubility limit of sulfide. Since sulfide morphology, distribution and composition have a critical effect on hot crack susceptibility, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of how sulfides precipitate in different solidification modes.Several researchers carried out in-situ observation of sulfide formation using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). 26,27) In Si-killed and Al-killed steels, MnS was seen to form rapidly as a film on the surface of the interd...

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Microstructural development during solidification of stainless steel alloys

Cited by 454 publications

References 4 publications

Fiber Laser Welding of Dissimilar 2205/304 Stainless Steel Plates

Fiber Laser Welding of Dissimilar 2205/304 Stainless Steel Plates

The effect of cladding speed on phase constitution and properties of AISI 431 stainless steel laser deposited coatings

The Effect of Alloy Solidification Path on Sulfide Formation in Fe–Cr–Ni Alloys

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