Microstructural Differences in the Human Posterior Sclera as a Function of Age and Race

Yan, Dongmei; McPheeters, Sheridan; Johnson, Gregory A.; Utzinger, Urs; Geest, Jonathan P. van de

doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4651

Cited by 60 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…8 had various orientations. This is also consistent with previous reports that measured scleral fiber anisotropy with smallangle light scattering (SALS) [53,54]. The unclear SHG image on the internal surface of the sclera (rows C of Figs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Scleral birefringence as measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and ocular biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo

Yamanari

Nagase

Fukuda

et al. 2014

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Abstract:The relationship between scleral birefringence and biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo is investigated. Scleral birefringence near the limbus of 21 healthy human eyes was measured using polarizationsensitive optical coherence tomography. Spherical equivalent refractive error, axial eye length, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured in all subjects. IOP and scleral birefringence of human eyes in vivo was found to have statistically significant correlations (r = −0.63, P = 0.002). The slope of linear regression was −2.4 × 10 −2 deg/μm/mmHg. Neither spherical equivalent refractive error nor axial eye length had significant correlations with scleral birefringence. To evaluate the direct influence of IOP to scleral birefringence, scleral birefringence of 16 ex vivo porcine eyes was measured under controlled IOP of 5−60 mmHg. In these ex vivo porcine eyes, the mean linear regression slope between controlled IOP and scleral birefringence was −9.9 × 10 −4 deg/μm/mmHg. In addition, porcine scleral collagen fibers were observed with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy. SHG images of porcine sclera, measured on the external surface at the superior side to the cornea, showed highly aligned collagen fibers parallel to the limbus. In conclusion, scleral birefringence of healthy human eyes was correlated with IOP, indicating that the ultrastructure of scleral collagen was correlated with IOP. It remains to show whether scleral collagen ultrastructure of human eyes is affected by IOP as a long-term effect. ©2014 Optical Society of America References and links1. N. A. McBrien and A. Gentle, "Role of the sclera in the development and pathological complications of myopia," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 22(3), 307-338 (2003). 2. C. F. Burgoyne, J. C. Downs, A. J. Bellezza, J. K. Suh, and R. T. Hart, "The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24(1), 39-73 (2005). 3. J. A. Rada, S. Shelton, and T. T. Norton, "The sclera and myopia," Exp. Eye Res. 82(2), 185-200 (2006). 4. J. T. Siegwart, Jr. and T. T. Norton, "Regulation of the mechanical properties of tree shrew sclera by the visual environment," Vision Res. 39(2), 387-407 (1999 1714-1728 (2012) C. So, and C.-Y. Dong, "Multiphoton autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging of the ex vivo porcine eye," Invest.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Scleral birefringence as measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and ocular biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo

Yamanari

Nagase

Fukuda

et al. 2014

Biomed. Opt. Express

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“…There is also great interest in characterizing ocular collagen architecture at large scale, and several techniques have been developed to this effect, including small-angle light scattering [7,8], small angle x-ray scattering [7,49], and wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) [10]. WAXS has recently been applied to the whole eye [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these methods have substantially worse resolutions than PLM. For example, measurements using small angle light scattering had 300-500 µm transverse resolution [8], which is insufficient to capture the details of lamina cribrosa architecture. Depth resolution is also usually worse than for PLM, with noise and other problems worsening as the sample thickness decreases, such that the detriments are already substantial even for a relatively thick 50 µm thick sample [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, to preserve vision, it is important to characterize two elements central to connective tissues, namely the orientation and organization of the collagen fibers that form them [5,6]. Several techniques have been developed for measuring collagen fiber orientation and organization, including small angle light scattering [7,8], x-ray scattering [9][10][11][12], non-linear microscopy [7,13,14] and magnetic resonance imaging [15,16], or for estimating them using inverse numerical methods [17,18]. The complexity of the eye calls for a technique that provides data at multiple scales, including high resolution (micron-scale) and broad field of view (several mm to cm) [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polarization microscopy for characterizing fiber orientation of ocular tissues

Jan

Grimm

Tran

et al. 2015

Biomed. Opt. Express

150

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Characterizing the collagen fiber orientation and organization in the eye is necessary for a complete understanding of ocular biomechanics. In this study, we assess the performance of polarized light microscopy to determine collagen fiber orientation of ocular tissues. Our results demonstrate that the method provides objective, accurate, repeatable and robust data on fiber orientation with µm-scale resolution over a broad, cmscale, field of view, unaffected by formalin fixation, without requiring tissue dehydration, labeling or staining. Together, this shows that polarized light microscopy is a powerful method for studying collagen architecture in the eye, with applications ranging from normal physiology and aging, to pathology and transplantation.

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“…Elastin, which is sparse in the equatorial sclera, dramatically increases in proportion near the ONH, also running circumferentially in histological evaluations (Hernandez et al, 1990;Quigley et al, , 1991aYan et al, 2011) and with imaging modalities that show predominant fibril orientation in both human (Pijanka et al, 2012) and mouse eyes (Pijanka et al, 2014). This seems to be appropriate for the greater strain measured in experiments in this area in human eyes postmortem.…”

Section: The Interaction Of Pps Lamina Cribrosa and Iopmentioning

confidence: 93%

The contribution of the sclera and lamina cribrosa to the pathogenesis of glaucoma

Quigley

2015

Progress in Brain Research

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Microstructural Differences in the Human Posterior Sclera as a Function of Age and Race

Cited by 60 publications

References 32 publications

Scleral birefringence as measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and ocular biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo

Scleral birefringence as measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and ocular biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo

Polarization microscopy for characterizing fiber orientation of ocular tissues

The contribution of the sclera and lamina cribrosa to the pathogenesis of glaucoma

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