Microstructural modelling of hard-magnetic soft materials: Dipole–dipole interactions versus Zeeman effect

Garcia‐Gonzalez, Daniel; Hossain, Mokarram

doi:10.1016/j.eml.2021.101382

Cited by 54 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This simplification was justified by the excellent agreement between the predictions and experimental measurements. However, for even softer matrix materials than those we considered, the dipole-dipole interactions may play an important role in the mechanical properties and response of hard-MREs, as has been recently shown in the literature (Vaganov et al, 2018(Vaganov et al, , 2020Schümann et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2020;Garcia-Gonzalez and Hossain, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Moreover, the magnetization profile of a structure can be programmed by the local orientation of the magnetized particles to generate complex 3D shape transformations (Lum et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2018;Alapan et al, 2020). At the microstructural level, many studies have focused on the particle-particle interaction in hard-MREs, investigating its influence on the magnetization and deformation of the composite (Vaganov et al, 2018(Vaganov et al, , 2020Schümann et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2020;Garcia-Gonzalez and Hossain, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive framework for hard-magnetic beams: reduced-order theory, 3D simulations, and experiments

Yan¹,

Abbasi²,

Reis³

2021

Preprint

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Thin beams made of magnetorheological elastomers embedded with hard magnetic particles (hard-MREs) are capable of large deflections under an applied magnetic field. We propose a comprehensive framework, comprising a beam model and 3D finite element modeling (FEM), to describe the behavior of hard-MRE beams under both uniform and constant gradient magnetic fields. First, based on the Helmholtz free energy of bulk (3D) hard-MREs, we perform dimensional reduction to derive a 1D description and obtain the equilibrium equation of the beam through variational methods. In parallel, we extend the existing 3D continuum theory for hard-MREs to the general case of non-uniform fields by incorporating the magnetic body force induced by the field gradient and implementing it in FEM. The beam model and FEM are first validated using experiments and then employed to predict the deflection of a cantilever beam in either a uniform or a constant gradient field. The corresponding parameters governing the magneto-elastic coupling are identified. Then, a set of comparative numerical studies for actuation in different configurations yields additional insight into the beam response. Our study builds on previous work on hard-MRE beams, while providing a more complete framework, both in terms of the methodologies used and the configurations considered, to serve as a valuable predictive toolbox for the rational design of beam-like hard-magnetic structures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive framework for hard-magnetic beams: reduced-order theory, 3D simulations, and experiments

Yan¹,

Abbasi²,

Reis³

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…where the viscous component F v represents the viscous part of the deformation gradient and is defined by a viscous flow rule. Some examples of viscous-hyperelastic models can be found in the literature [153][154][155]. Other dependences may include hardeningsoftening terms associated with temperature or continuum damage terms associated with Mullins' effects [156].…”

Section: Constitutive Modelling Of Polymeric Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the Cell and Biological Tissue Environment through Magneto-Active Materials

et al. 2021

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This review focuses on novel applications based on multifunctional materials to actuate biological processes. The first section of the work revisits the current knowledge on mechanically dependent biological processes across several scales from subcellular and cellular level to the cell-collective scale (continuum approaches). This analysis presents a wide variety of mechanically dependent biological processes on nervous system behaviour; bone development and healing; collective cell migration. In the second section, this review presents recent advances in smart materials suitable for use as cell substrates or scaffolds, with a special focus on magneto-active polymers (MAPs). Throughout the manuscript, both experimental and computational methodologies applied to the different treated topics are reviewed. Finally, the use of smart polymeric materials in bioengineering applications is discussed.

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“…Note here that we do not consider the internal stress or long-range forces induced by a dipoledipole interaction [15,16,58,59]. The validity of this simplifying assumption will be evaluated thoroughly in Sec.…”

Section: Constitutive Relation and Elasto-magnetic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Kirchhoff-like theory for hard magnetic rods under three-dimensional geometrically nonlinear deformation

Sano¹

2020

Preprint

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Magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs) are functional materials that can be actuated by applying an external magnetic field. MREs comprise a composite of hard magnetic particles dispersed into a nonmagnetic elastomeric (soft) matrix. By applying a strong magnetic field, one can magnetize the structure to program its deformation under the subsequent application of an external field. There is a variety of types of MREs depending on the value of their coercivity (i.e. the necessary field strength to erase the magnetization) that can be broadly classified into soft or hard MREs. Hard MREs, whose coercivities are large, have been receiving particular attention because the programmed magnetization remains unchanged upon actuation. Hence, once a structure made of a hard MRE is magnetized, it can be regarded as magnetized permanently. Motivated by a new realm of applications, there have been significant theoretical developments in the continuum (3D) description of hard MREs. By reducing the 3D description into 1D or 2D via dimensional reduction, several theories of hard magnetic slender structures such as linear beams, elastica, and shells have been recently proposed. In this paper, we derive an effective theory for MRE rods (slender, mono-dimensional structures) under geometrically nonlinear 3D deformation. Our theory is based on reducing the 3D magneto-elastic energy functional for the hard MREs into a 1D Kirchhoff-like description (centerline-based). Restricting the theory to 2D, we reproduce previous works on planar deformations. For further validation in the general case of 3D deformation, we perform precision experiments with both naturally straight and curved rods under either constant or constant-gradient magnetic fields. Our theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with both discrete simulations and precision-model experiments. Finally, we discuss some limitations of our framework, as highlighted by the experiments, where longrange dipole-dippole interactions, which are neglected in the theory, can play a role.

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Microstructural modelling of hard-magnetic soft materials: Dipole–dipole interactions versus Zeeman effect

Cited by 54 publications

References 52 publications

A comprehensive framework for hard-magnetic beams: reduced-order theory, 3D simulations, and experiments

A comprehensive framework for hard-magnetic beams: reduced-order theory, 3D simulations, and experiments

Tuning the Cell and Biological Tissue Environment through Magneto-Active Materials

A Kirchhoff-like theory for hard magnetic rods under three-dimensional geometrically nonlinear deformation

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