Microstructure and electrical properties of praseodymium oxide doped Bi₂O₃based ZnO varistor films

The structure and photoluminescence of a ZnO phosphor synthesized by the sol gel method under praseodymium doping

“…In addition, it has been reported that Pr doping is effective in improving the optoelectrical performance of ZnO lms. [32][33][34] Furthermore, a ZnO:Pr varistor doped with Co and K has a reliability, high quality, good and hardly varied varistor characteristics such as a varistor voltage and an insulation resistance. One or more rare earth cations including Pr were doped to ZnO and some other metal oxides to fabricate an electroluminescent solid state device.…”

High-performance varistors simply by hot-dipping zinc oxide thin films in Pr6O11: Influence of temperature

“…Up to now, most of the commercially applied varistors have been ZnO-Bi 2 O 3 based electronic ceramic devices, which are widely used in various electrical circuits, electronic devices and electrical power systems to counteract against dangerous over-voltage surges, due to their highly nonlinear current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics and outstanding energy handling capabilities12.…”

Effects of sizes of additive particles on suspensions, microstructures, and electrical properties of ZnO varistors

“…ZnO varistors have been widely used as lightning arresters or transient overvoltage protectors in power transmission and circuits due to their excellent electrical properties, such as high nonlinear coefficient, high‐energy absorption capability, small leakage current, etc . ZnO‐based varistors mainly contain ZnO powder as the main component (typically ≥90%) with small amount of oxide additives, such as Bi 2 O 3 , Co 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , NiO, etc . In the raw materials used in the production of the ZnO varistors, the size of the main material ZnO is micro‐nano level (200‐800 nm), while most of the additive oxides are relatively larger, and the particle size distribution of each additive oxide is quite different, which is not conducive to the uniform distribution of the raw materials in the preparation process.…”

“…Chemical process can obtain the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticle dopants, which is achieved by numbers of routes with reactions proceeding in the gas phase, solution phase, or by sol‐gel . The primary advantage of the chemical processing is high homogeneity . However, the cost is high, the purity is difficult to be guaranteed, and the preparation process is more complex than mechanical processing, which is not conducive to large‐scale industrial production .…”