Microstructure and heat treatment of Early Iron Age cast iron axes excavated from the Sinpung site, Wanju, Jeonbuk, in the Korean Peninsula

Cho, Namchul; Lee, Ha-Yan; Lee, Jeong-Gyeong

doi:10.1007/s12520-018-0693-8

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…To address ancient iron production technology and iron object manufacturing, various analytical and microscopy methods have been used, e.g., [5,11,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Through Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis can be obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of EBSD for the Microstructural Study of Archaeological Iron Alloy Artefacts from the Archaeological Site of Loiola (Biscay, Northern Spain)

Rémazeilles,

Zuluaga,

Portillo-Blanco

et al. 2024

Heritage

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Iron palaeometallurgy was carried out on three artefacts, classified as nails and excavated from the archaeological site of Loiola (La Arboleda, Biscay, northern Spain), to investigate Roman manufacturing techniques. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to obtain elemental composition and structural characterization of mineral phases. Metallurgical properties and crystallographic texture were studied by combining microscopic methods such as optical microscopy (OM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction realized in environmental mode (EBSD) and measurements of local Vickers microhardness. The three artefacts had different microstructures, distinguished by a large gradient of carbon content, although important segregations (inclusions) were observed in all of them. Two pearlite-rich artefacts showed a high density of structural defects (geometrically necessary dislocations and large crystallographic orientation gradients in pearlitic ferrite, curved pearlitic cementite) resulting from a high level of plastic deformation that occurred during the manufacturing process. The third artefact consisted of pure ferrite without structural defects. This one was clearly manufactured differently from the two others, so it probably had another functionality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of EBSD for the Microstructural Study of Archaeological Iron Alloy Artefacts from the Archaeological Site of Loiola (Biscay, Northern Spain)

Rémazeilles,

Zuluaga,

Portillo-Blanco

et al. 2024

Heritage

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“…Study on iron technology in the archaeological iron objects produced in the ancient time has been an interesting subject during the last decades. For example, a large number of studies are performed to analysis of chemical composition and microstructure of archaeological irons to show the technology of iron production and manufacturing of iron objects around the world by using various analytical and microscopic methods [6,8,9,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. These variable studies have led to characterize the methods of production of different iron alloys in the ancient time with variable microscopic and microscopic characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the microstructural features and the rust layers of an archaeological iron sword in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (380–500 A.D.)

2019

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In this paper, a sword is investigated from a collection of archaeological iron swords displayed in the Egyptian Museum from the civilization centered on Ballana and Qustul in Egyptian Nubia (380-600 A.D.). A range of metallographic analytical techniques have been used to characterize the sword's metallic structure and its rust crust. The results revealed that the sword was made of low-carbon steel and corrosion products formed on the surface are iron sulfate, iron oxides/hydroxides including goethite, maghemite, magnetite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite and ferric chloride. The investigation also revealed that the rust crust constituted of two corrosion layers: a dense layer and a transformed medium. Crystals of soil minerals were clearly observed in the outer corrosion layer. Moreover, several microstructural features were detected, indicating the stage of deterioration and the features of metallurgy of this sword. Furthermore, the obtained results have been used to select appropriate conservation procedures for preventing degradation in the future and ensuring its reliable restoration.

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Optimizing Metallographic Etchants for Ancient Gold and Silver Materials

Liu

Gong

et al. 2022

Metals

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In recent years, with the excavation of an increasing amount of gold and silver artifacts, there has been an urgent need to optimize the formulations and methods of metallographic etching. Herein, a kinetic control study is performed to investigate the mechanisms leading to poor results when etching ancient gold materials with aqua regia, i.e., when secondary AgCl impurities form during the etching of the sample surface. To this end, a concentrated ammonia and sodium thiosulfate solution is used to dissolve AgCl impurities and obtain high-quality metallographic images of ancient gold materials using a coordination reaction to generate stable free-state coordination ions from Ag+. On this basis, a ferric chloride + sodium thiosulfate method is proposed to optimize the formulation of the etchant for ancient silver materials. The formulation is efficient, safe and easy to handle, and solves the problems of the easy failure of the commonly used etchant of ammonia + hydrogen peroxide and the complicated preparation process of acidified potassium dichromate while maintaining the long-term stability of the etched Ag–Cu alloy samples.

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Microstructure and heat treatment of Early Iron Age cast iron axes excavated from the Sinpung site, Wanju, Jeonbuk, in the Korean Peninsula

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Contribution of EBSD for the Microstructural Study of Archaeological Iron Alloy Artefacts from the Archaeological Site of Loiola (Biscay, Northern Spain)

Contribution of EBSD for the Microstructural Study of Archaeological Iron Alloy Artefacts from the Archaeological Site of Loiola (Biscay, Northern Spain)

Characterization of the microstructural features and the rust layers of an archaeological iron sword in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (380–500 A.D.)

Optimizing Metallographic Etchants for Ancient Gold and Silver Materials

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