Microstructure and hot corrosion performance of stainless steel 347 produced by wire arc additive manufacturing

Kannan, A. Rajesh; Rajkumar, V.; Prasad, C. Durga; Shanmugam, N. Siva; Yoon, Jonghun

doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.111901

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Their results showed that in addition to austenite, the solidification microstructure usually contains residual delta ferrite. Similar results were reported by Pramod et al [39] and Rajesh Kannan et al [40] As previously mentioned, the δ phase has detrimental effects on high-temperature applications of the alloy by facilitating the formation of brittle sigma phase. [30,35] There are two ways to eliminate the deleterious effect of the δ-ferrite on the formation of the sigma phase.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 347 Stainless Steel Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Yadegar,

Sharifitabar,

Shafiee Afarani

2023

steel research int.

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In this study, 347 austenitic stainless steel parts were made by wire arc additive manufacturing process. Then, the effects of solution heat treatment at 1150°C for 3h followed by NbC stabilizing heat treatment at 950°C for 1h on the properties of the alloy were investigated. Results showed that after solidification, δ‐ferrite and NbC carbide particles were formed in the γ matrix while heat treatment eliminated the δ phase. Tensile test results showed that for the as‐prepared alloy yield strength varied between 336MPa and 352MPa, tensile strength between 559MPa and 589MPa, and elongation between 50 and 58%. However, heat treatment resulted in a 20‐22% decrease in yield strength, a 5‐10% decrease in tensile strength, and a 5% decline in elongation. The potentiodynamic (PD) polarization test results showed that the ICORR and the corrosion rate of the WAAM 347 stainless steel in the as‐prepared condition were separately 4.9 times and 5.6 times higher than the wrought alloy. After heat treatment, the ICORR increased from 5.84×10‐6 A/cm2 in the as‐prepared alloy to 6.68×10‐6 A/cm2, and the corrosion rate from 0.0678 to 0.0776 mm/y. This means that the heat treatment deteriorated the corrosion resistance of the WAAM 347 stainless steel alloy by about 14%.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…These results are completely consistent with previous literature. [35][36][37]40] Optical micrographs showing the microstructure of the as-prepared wall at different locations are illustrated in Figure 4. At first glance, a duplex dendritic microstructure is detectable in all regions.…”

Section: As-prepared Alloymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 347 Stainless Steel Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Yadegar,

Sharifitabar,

Shafiee Afarani

2023

steel research int.

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“…Similar peaks were noticed in the previous literature. [48,49] NiO (cubic structure) formation is more substantial in the hot corrosion as the nickel element is higher on the IN625 overlay. The oxides identified on the material's surface from XRD plots offer various protection at elevated temperatures.…”

Section: Xrd Analysis and Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature corrosion performance of Inconel 625 hard overlays deposited on stainless steel substrate

Nachimuthu,

Gosipathala,

Arasappan

et al. 2024

Materials & Corrosion

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In elevated conditions, austenitic stainless steels suffer intense damage by corrosion because of the severe oxide scale development. Giving stainless steel a corrosion‐resistant surface coating can prevent excessive damage. In this case, welding‐based overlaying is a potential method to restore the damaged parts as it has a higher productivity rate. This investigation articulates the corrosion resistance behavior of the multiple overlapped Inconel 625 (IN625) weld overlays on the AISI 316L substrate plate. The corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures was investigated with kinetic curves, further revealing the corrosion products from the sample surface. Characterization techniques like scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the corrosion products. Hot corrosion kinetics in the molten salt environment (Na2SO4 + V2O5) revealed that the IN625 overlay samples gained a weight of 40.15 mg/cm2, and the substrate had a weight gain of 65.42 mg/cm2. From the hot oxidation kinetics, it is evident that the mass gained by the substrate is more than twice that of the Inconel overlay sample. Furthermore, the formation of oxides and spinel phases rich in nickel (NiO, NiCr2O4) highly influenced the corrosion kinetics of the multiple overlapped IN625 overlay sample. The AISI 316L substrate sample revealed the existence of critical oxide phases such as Fe2O3 and Cr2O3, which were lesser and did not influence the corrosion resistance at 900°C. In the present investigation, the multiple overlapped IN625 weld overlay offered excellent corrosion resistance at high temperature compared to the AISI 316L.

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“…IPF maps showed a strong texture because all FCC-structured alloys develop easily in this direction. 42,43…”

Section: Dissimilar Weldment Ipfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the interface between Inconel and SS, both materials possess an austenitic face-centred cubic (FCC) structure, and the orientation is the preferred growth orientation; the interface does not show any discontinuity in grain growth. IPF maps showed a strong texture because all FCC-structured alloys develop easily in this direction 42,43.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of microstructure, microhardness, crystallographic texture, and grain size variation in dissimilar joints used in concentrated solar power plants application

Nandhakumar

Kumar

2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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High carbon stainless steel 347H (SS347H) and Inconel 625 (IN625) are high-strength alloys, commonly used in high-temperature applications. These metals are commonly used in the fabrication of concentrated solar power energy storage tanks and pipelines. Construction of such tanks involves dissimilar welding as the primary manufacturing process. The critical factor to consider when joining two different materials is the development of microstructure, as it directly impacts the mechanical characteristics of the joints. According to the available literature, an increase in the heat input (HI) promotes alloying element segregation and susceptibility to weld cracking. Traditional arc welding processes, such as metal inert gas (MIG) welding, produce a higher HI. Therefore, there is a need to develop welding techniques that result in reduced HI. In the present study, a pulse-current MIG (PC-MIG) welding method was employed, utilizing current pulsing to minimize HI during the welding process. The welding was followed by metallographic and mechanical characterization. The microstructural examination found variations in microstructure at different regions. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows the crystallographic orientation at different regions. Analysis shows that both SS347H and IN625 have a face-centred cubic austenite structure. The inverse pole figure discloses strong texture formation. The average tensile strength of dissimilar weldments was found to be 479 MPa, while the average hardness value of the fusion zone was measured to be 235 HV. The research indicates that the PC-MIG technique is suitable for joining dissimilar materials with reduced HI, effectively eliminating the risk of cracking and enhancing the efficiency of the joint.

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Microstructure and hot corrosion performance of stainless steel 347 produced by wire arc additive manufacturing

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 347 Stainless Steel Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 347 Stainless Steel Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

High temperature corrosion performance of Inconel 625 hard overlays deposited on stainless steel substrate

Evolution of microstructure, microhardness, crystallographic texture, and grain size variation in dissimilar joints used in concentrated solar power plants application

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