“…Due to the advantages over traditional fusion joining techniques, such as the lack of melting, low defect and low distortion, FSW has been widely applied in the aerospace, automobile and railway industries [2,3]. It uses the high-speed rotating tool to generate heat by friction on the workpiece to promote the plastic flow of the material and realize weld formation under the forging action of the shoulder [4,5]. The traditional fusion welding process is prone to defects such as welding hot cracks, inclusions, porosity, alloy element burning, and welding residual deformation, which will significantly reduce the welding quality.…”