Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted biomaterial Ti-13Nb-13Zr compared to hot-forging

A 3D-Printed Ultra-Low Young’s Modulus β-Ti Alloy for Biomedical Applications

“…Wang [24] investigated the effect of Nb content on the β phase stability of an additive manufactured (AMed) Ti-Nb system. Some other researchers [25,26] have compared AM of the Ti-Nb system via other production methods, such as hot pressing and hot forging. In particular, Zhou et al [26] reported that the microstructure, properties, and phase formation are greatly influenced by the production method.…”

“…Some other researchers [25,26] have compared AM of the Ti-Nb system via other production methods, such as hot pressing and hot forging. In particular, Zhou et al [26] reported that the microstructure, properties, and phase formation are greatly influenced by the production method. Fischer and Schwab [27,28] manufactured Ti-26Nb and Ti-45Nb with mixed and pre-alloyed powder to achieve the β phase.…”

Characteristics of Titanium Alloys used in the SLM Additive Technology

“…The most important parameters affecting the density of energy supplied to a powder layer and enabling the entire melting of the charge material include laser power, scanning rate and the laser beam diameter. Depending on the type of material used in 3D printing as well as the size of powder particles and the height of powder layer, the power used in the process is restricted within the range of 60 W to 370 W, the scanning rate is restricted within the range of 200 mm/s to 1250 mm/s, whereas the laser beam diameter is restricted within the range of 50 µm to 140 µm [6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…The authors revealed slight anisotropy in the powder layer melting direction (horizontal) and in the layer addition direction (vertical); the reason for the abovenamed anisotropy being the presence of twin boundaries in the structure in the vertical direction and the arrangement of beta grains in the privileged direction in the longitudinal position. The structure of test specimens revealed the predominant presence of phase β and acicular martensite α' [6,[27][28][29]…”

Comparison of the Cracking Behavior of Powder Metallurgy and Ingot Metallurgy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Alloys during Hot Deformation

“…However, widespread use of titanium alloy products is significantly limited by their high cost, as a result of its multi-step hot processing and further machining [12,13,14,15]. The powder metallurgy (PM) approach has been verified to be a cost-effective processing technique to produce titanium alloy products that meet the requirement of the industrial applications, with additional benefits, such as the manufacture of near-net-shape parts and optimization of the microstructure [13,16,17].…”