Microstructure and mechanical properties of the austenitic stainless steel 316L fabricated by gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Chen, Xiaohui; Li, Jia; Cheng, Xu; He, Bei; Wang, Huaming; Huang, Zheng

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2017.05.024

Cited by 286 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…3 a, b). The formation of high-temperature ferrite in austenitic SS during the AM process was noted in many studies [11][12][13][14]16,17], including those for stable AISI 316L steel [14,8], in which the nickel content in the initial material is higher than in the investigated steel (12 % versus 9 %).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Such complex thermal cycles could lead to anisotropy and heterogeneity of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the billets. Regarding austenitic SS obtained by different AM methods, the anisotropy of mechanical properties is described, for instance, for AISI 304, 304L, 316L steels in [11][12][13][14][15]. This could be associated not only with the heterogeneity of the formation of a grain structure and microstructure, but also with a change in the phase and elemental composition of the additively manufactured billets [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anisotropy of the tensile properties in austenitic stainless steel obtained by wire-feed electron beam additive growth

et al. 2019

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Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, 2 / 4 Akademichesky Av., Tomsk, 634055, Russia Currently, new approaches to the production of metal structures of different sizes are actively developing. These approaches are based on the technologies of additive manufacturing or 3D printing methods, which assume consistent layer-by-layer growth (printing) of parts of structures with a shape and size that are as close as possible to the desired parameters. During these processes, each subsequent layer is formed by fusing the material to preceding layers. Thus, the methods of additive growth are based on heating a part of the material to the melting temperature. Therefore, in the process of printing, the billets experience multiple heating and cooling cycles. As a result, different parts of the billets have different thermal histories and could possess different mechanical properties. In this paper, the anisotropy of the tensile mechanical properties of the billet of austenitic Fe-18Cr-9Ni-0.08C steel produced by wire-feed electron-beam printing was investigated. It was experimentally shown that, after additive growth, the samples of austenitic steel, which were cut from different parts of the steel billet and differently oriented with respect to the growth direction possessed significant anisotropy of mechanical properties under uniaxial tension: yield strength varies in the range from 250 to 310 MPa, and elongation to failure ranges from 48 to 65 %. According to microstructural analysis, this behavior is associated with heterogeneity of the elemental composition, macroscopic heterogeneity of the dendritic structure of ferrite in austenite (layering), heterogeneity of the phase composition and residual stresses in the steel billet obtained by the additive wire-feed growth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropy of the tensile properties in austenitic stainless steel obtained by wire-feed electron beam additive growth

et al. 2019

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“…Stainless steels-such as austenitic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels-are good candidates for WAAM due to their excellent mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance [73]. Moreover, studies on AM of stainless steel 316 indicate that the arc power of WAAM (also known as directed energy deposition with gas-metal-arc, DED-GMA) is 5-10 times higher than that of laser in PBF-L and DED-L [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88], which leads to much higher printing speed of WAAM, as shown in Figure 2 [26].…”

Section: Addilanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

et al. 2020

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions, process parameters, shielding gas composition, post heat treatments, microstructure, and defects can significantly influence the mechanical properties of WAAM stainless steels. To achieve high quality WAAM stainless steel parts, there is still a strong need to further study the underlying physical metallurgy mechanisms of the WAAM process and post heat treatments to optimize the WAAM and heat treatment parameters and thus control the microstructure. WAAM samples often show considerable anisotropy both in microstructure and mechanical properties. The new in-situ rolling + WAAM process is very effective in reducing the anisotropy, which also can reduce the residual stress and distortion. For future industrial applications, fatigue properties, and corrosion behaviors of WAAMed stainless steels need to be deeply studied in the future. Additionally, further efforts should be made to improve the WAAM process to achieve faster deposition rates and better-quality control.

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“…The authors highlighted that thermal cycles have negligible effects on material properties after around five deposited layers. Chen et al 15 studied microstructures and mechanical properties of stainless steel 316L components manufactured by the GMAW-based AM process. They found that the tensile properties of GMAW-based AM-built 316L steel were comparable to those of wrought 316L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study on gas metal arc welding-based additive manufacturing of metal parts

Le¹

2020

Sci. Tech. Dev. J.

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Introduction: In the past three decades, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has emerged as a promising technology, which allows the manufacture of complex parts by adding material layer upon layer. In comparison, with other metal-based AM technologies, gas metal arc welding-based additive manufacturing (GMAW-based AM) presents a high deposition rate and has the potential for producing medium and large metal components. To validate the technological performance of such a manufacturing process, the internal quality of manufactured parts needs to be analyzed, particularly in the cases of manufacturing the parts working in a critical load-bearing condition. Therefore, this paper aims at investigating the internal quality (i.e., and mechanical properties) of components manufactured by the GMAW-based AM technology. Method: A gas metal arc welding robot was used to build a thin-walled component made of mild steel on a low-carbon substrate according to the AM principle. Thereafter, the specimens for observing and mechanical properties were extracted from the built thin-walled component. The of the specimen were observed by an optical microscope; the hardness was measured by a digital tester, and the tensile tests were carried out on a tensile test machine. Results: The results show that the GMAW-based AM-built thin-walled components possess an adequate that varies from the top to the bottom of the built component: structures with primary dendrites in the upper zone; granular structure of with small regions of at grain boundaries in the middle zone, and grains of in the lower zone. The hardness (ranged between 164±3.46 HV to 192±3.81 HV), yield strength (YS offset of 0.2% ranged from 340±2 to 349.67±1.53 ), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS ranged from 429±1 to 477±2 ) of the GMAW-based AM-built components were comparable to those of wrought mild steel. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the GMAW-based AM-built components possess adequate and good mechanical properties for real applications. This allows us to confirm the feasibility of using a conventional gas metal arc welding robot for additive manufacturing or repairing/re-manufacturing of metal components.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of the austenitic stainless steel 316L fabricated by gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Cited by 286 publications

References 42 publications

Anisotropy of the tensile properties in austenitic stainless steel obtained by wire-feed electron beam additive growth

Anisotropy of the tensile properties in austenitic stainless steel obtained by wire-feed electron beam additive growth

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

A preliminary study on gas metal arc welding-based additive manufacturing of metal parts

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