Abstract:Bones are nanocomposites of protein, mineral and water that form mineralized collagen fibrils arranged in a variety of layered lamellae. Bone material has a long evolutionary record and specific bones attain shapes and microstructures that have well stood the test of time such that they can be considered optimized to match their function. Further, most bones typically contain entombed living cells, osteocytes responsible for adaptation, healing and biochemical signaling. The bones of pike fish (Esox lucius) ar… Show more
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