Microstructure evolution during hot rolling and heat treatment of the spray formed Vanadis 4 cold work steel

Improving of hot workability and expanding the temperature range of safe hot working for M35 high-speed steel

“…[5][6][7] Referring to the scientific literature, it is known that initial deformations at upper temperature limit, as well as final deformations at lower temperature limit of hot working range, are characterized by considerably decreased hot deformability in comparison to temperatures within the mentioned range. [1][2][3][4][8][9][10][11][12][13] The decreased hot deformability at the upper limit is attributed to the characteristics of carbides, i.e., to their type, size, shape, size-and/or spatial-distributions, fraction, melting point of eutectic carbides and/or other phases, etc. Also at lower temperature limit charac-teristics of carbides (i.e., with additionally precipitated secondary carbides) are responsible for pore deformability, where this is related also with the effect of a decreased recrystallization rate.…”

Amelioration of surface cracking during hot rolling of AISI D2 tool steel

“…In the leduburitic tool steels, carbideforming elements (Cr, V, Mo and W) are added with the aim to form transition metal carbides (MC, M 7 C 3 , M 6 C, M 2 C, M 23 C 6 and some others) to achieve desired mechanical properties. Carbides, in general, contribute to improved mechanical properties, but decrease hot workability [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Hot workability of tool steels has been widely researched [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]; however, these studies did not focus on the edge cracking during hot rolling.…”

Failure analysis of an EDM machined mold-printing die used for the production of truck spare parts

“…The effect of heat treatment in lifetime of PM components was investigated [5,17]. Cryogenic treatment was applied to improve mechanical properties [18] and the influence of tempering on microstructural transformation was studied [12].…”